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1.0 Introduction

This 21st century has become an age of recycling where a lots of emphasize is placed on reuse of material to curb current environmental problems and maximize use of depleting natural resources and energy conservation. Modern day sustainable use and management of resource recommend need to incorporate recycling culture in our ways of life including technological process. Biomass is not left behind in this; the use of biomass energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various natural and human activities to produce electricity is becoming popular. Biomass is considered as one of the clean, more- efficient and more-stable means of power generation. And it has become imperative for marine industry to tap this new evolving power generation mode especially the use of micro generation approach considering the mobile nature of ships.

Biofuels exist in solid, liquid or gas form thereby potentially affecting three of our core markets. Solid biofuels or biomass tend to be used in external combustion, however its use in the shipping industry has been limited to liquid biofuel due to lack of appropriate information economics forecasts, Sources of biomass include by-products from the timber industry, agricultural crops, raw material from the forest, major parts of household waste, and demolition wood, all things being equal using pure biomass that do not affect human and ecological chain make it suitable energy source. Biomass has low sulfur content means biomass combustion therefore considered much less acidifying than with coal, for example. Also, the ashes from biomass consumption, which are very low in heavy metals, can be recycled.

One advantage of biomass compared to other renewable-based systems that require costly advanced technology (such as solar photovoltaics) is that biomass can generate electricity with the same type of equipment and power plants that now burn fossil fuels. Many innovations in power generation with other fossil fuels may also be adaptable to the use of biomass fuels. Various factors have hindered the growth of the renewable energy resource, however. Most biomass power plants operating today are characterized by low boiler and thermal-plant efficiencies; both the fuel’s characteristics and the small size of most facilities contribute to these efficiencies. In addition, such plants are costly to build.

Biomass remains potential renewable energy contributor to net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by offsetting CO2 from fossil generation. The current method generating biomass power is biomass fired boilers and Rankine steam turbines. Recent research work in developing sustainable, and economic biomass focus on high-pressure supercritical steam cycles , use of feedstock supply system, and conversion of biomass to a low or medium gas that can be fired in combustion turbine cycles, resulting in efficiencies one-and-a-half times that of a simple steam turbine. biofuels has potential to influence marine industry, and it as become importance for designers and ship owners to accept their influence on the world fleet of the future especially the micro generation concept with co generation for cargo and fuel for  ships.

The paper discuss conceptual work, trend , sociopolitical driver, economic, development, and future of biomass with hope to bring awareness to local, national and multinational bodies making biofuels policies as well as maritime multidisciplinary expertise in regulation, economics, engineering, and vessel design and operation. The paper also discusses how the shipping industry can take advantage of growing tide to tap benefit promised by waste use power generation system.

2.0 Biomass developmental trend

The concept of use of Biofuels for energy generation has has been existing concept, and in the face of challenges posed by environmental need, its growth is likely to dominate renewable energy market. Following the advent of peanut oil diesel engines developed by Rudolf Diesel in 1911 the production and use of biofuels worldwide has grown significantly in recent years. The current world biofuels market is focused on: Bioethanol blended into fossil motor gasoline (petrol) or used directly and biodiesel or Fatty Acid Methyl Ester diesel blended into fossil diesel. However the use of The Fischer-Tropsch model that involve catalyzed chemical reaction to produce a synthetic petroleum substitute, typically from coal, natural gas or biomass, for use as synthetic lubrication oil or as a synthetic fuel seem promising and negate risk posed by food based biomass. This synthetic fuel runs only in diesel engines and some aircraft engines. Oil, product and chemical tankers being constructed now are likely to benefit much more from use of biomas. However use on gasoline engines ignites the vapors at much higher temperatures, which pose limitation to inland water craft.

Biomass generation and growing trend can be classified into 3 generation types:

• first generation’ biofuels relate to biofuels made from sugar or starch, producing bioethanol, and vegetable oil or animal fats producing biodiesel. First generation biofuels provoke increasing criticism through their dependence on food crops and issues over biodiversity, land use and human rights. Hybrid technology for percentage blending is being employed to mitigate food production impact.
• Second generation biofuels mitigate problem posed by the first generation biofuels. They do not affect food crops because they are made from waste biomass from agricultural and forestry, fast-growing grasses and trees specially grown as so-called “energy crops”. With technology, sustainability and cost issues to overcome, second-generation biofuels are still several years away from commercial viability and many second generation mass produced biofuels are still under development including the biomass to liquid. Fischer-Tropsch production technique.
• third generation biofuels are green fuels like algae biofuel made from energy and biomass crops that have been designed in such a way that their structure or properties conform to the requirements of a particular bioconversion process. They are made from such as sewage, and grown on ponds.

Just like tanker revolution influence on ship type, demand for biomass will bring, will bring capacity, bio -material or completed product from source to production area and then to the point of use, will bring technological, environmental change will require ships of different configuration, size and tank coating type. As well as impact on the tonne mile demand will change accordingly.

Effect on shipping is likely to follow shipping large scale growth on exports and seaborne trade from key exporting regions, particularly South America. Brazil has a key role. Brazil has already been branded to be producing en-mass ethanol from sugar cane since the 1970s with a cost per unit reportedly the lowest in the world. And it is currently exploring ethanol

Table 1 – World ethanol consumption 2007

Consumption

World ethanol consumption –

51 million tones, 2007

Us and brazil

68%

EU and China –

17% – surplus of 0.1 million tones

US deficit –

1.7mt

EU deficit –

1.3 mt

World – deficit

1mt

Recent year is also witnessing  emerging trade on biofuel product between the US, EU, and Asia and whilst Brazil exports the most ethanol globally at about 2.9 million tonnes per year, the top importers of the US, EU,Japan and Korea have increasing demand that will have to be satisfied by increased shipping capacity. Seaborne vegetable oil supply is increasingly growing

Table 2 – Biofuel growth

Vegetable oil

33 mt in 2000 to 59 mt in 2008

Palm oil

13 mt in 2000 to 32 mt forecast in 2008.

a 7.5% p.a growth rate

Soya bean

7 mt to some 11.5 mt in 2008,

EU

imports – 5.7 mt in 2001 to an expected 10.3 mt for 2008

8.9%.

3.1 mt in 2001 to 5.2 mt forecast for 2008

39%

Production capacity- 1.9 mt in 2002 to 11 mt in 2007, with 2007.

50% of total capacity.

Recently biofuel is driving a new technology, Worldwide; the use of biofuels for cars and public vehicles has grown significantly. With excess capacity waiting for source material it seems inevitable that shipping demand will increase.

3.0 Inter industry Best Practice

3.1 Land based use – 

• UK pumps mandate at least 2.5% biofuels. This target will rise to 5% by 2010. Also in the UK, the first train to run on biodiesel went into service in June 2007 for a six month trial period. The train uses a blended fuel, which is 20% biodiesel and the operator, Virgin Trains, is confident the mix can be increased to at least a 50% mix with the further possibility to run trains on fuels entirely from non-carbon sources.
• On January 15, 2006- Central Ohio Transit Authority (COTA lunch a program to test a 20% blend of biodiesel (B20) in its buses. In two months they used approximately 45,000 gallons of B20. As a result of the test, in April 2006 they began using biodiesel fleet-wide. In addition to using B20 in the winter months, COTA has committed to using 50-90% biodiesel blends (B50 – B90) during the summer months. This is projected to decrease regular diesel fuel consumption by over one million gallons per year.
• 26th of October 2007. buses in the UK running on B100 was launched on  In a pilot project. Argent Energy (UK) Limited is working together with Stagecoach to supply biodiesel made by recycling and processing animal fat and used cooking oil.
• For power stations, B&W have orders in the EU for 45 MW of two-stroke biofuel engines with a thermal efficiency of 51-52%. Specifically, these operate on palm oil of varying quality, and in the future, it is expected that more engines, whether stationary or marine, will be developed to run on biofuels.

·         US DOE has funded five new advanced biomass gasification research and development projects beginning in 2001(Vermont project)

·         2008 – Ford announced a £1 billion research project to convert more of its vehicles to new biofuel sources. The first trial oft, Last year. BP Australia has now sold over 100 million liters of 10% ethanol content fuel to Australian motorists, and Brazil sells both 22% ethanol petrol nationwide and 100% ethanol to over 4 million cars, It is a trend that is gathering momentum.

• In a program initiated by the Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development in Stockholm, several Swedish universities, companies, and utilities are collaborating to accelerate the demonstration of the advanced EVGT for natural-gas firing, especially in small-scale units. A natural-gas-fired EVGT pilot plant (0.6 megawatts of power output for a simple gas-turbine cycle) should start operation in Lund, Sweden, in 1998.

·         AES Corporation is a leading company in biomass conversion internationally. At AES Kilroot in Northern Ireland, the team recently completed a successful trial to convert the plant to burn a mixture of coal and biomass. With further investment in the technology, nearly half of Northern Ireland’s 2012 renewable target could be met from AES Kilroot alone.

3.2 Aero industry–

• Virgin Atlantic – Air transport is receiving increasing attention because of environmental concerns linked to CO2 emissions, air quality and noise. Virgin Atlantic in collaboration with Boeing and General Electric aircraft alternative fuels project for aircraft. A successful test flight from London to Amsterdam flight took place on 24th February of this year, running one of the four jumbo jet engines on a mixture of 20% coconut oil and babassu nut oil, with 80% conventional jet fuel. This fuel was specifically chosen due to its performance at low operating temperatures. The test was successful, with no noticeable difference in performance. Except that; imitation that biofuel mix used was in no way sustainable in the quantities required by the demands of the aviation industry. In a way to mitigate this Virgin is looking to us use of Algae based fuels as it is predicted that they may be suitable for use at low temperature.

3.3  Maritime industry 

• The use of land based transportation, is growing, however the use for sea based transportation need to be explored. Biofuels  for ship will be advantageous. In recent UK pilot project where Buses are run on B100 Argent Energy (UK) Limited is working together with Stagecoach to supply biodiesel made by recycling and processing animal fat and used cooking oil. Marine engines with their inherent lower speed and more tolerant to burning alternative fuels than smaller, higher speed engines tolerance will allow them to run on lower grade and cheaper biofuels.
• Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines (RCCL) unveiled a palm oil-based biodiesel since 2005.Optimistic outcome of the trial made RCCL confident enough to sign a contract in August 2007 for delivery of a minimum 15 million gallons and for the four years after, a minimum of 18 millions gallons of biodiesel for its cruise ships fleet. The contract marked the single largest long-term biodiesel sales contract in the United States.
• In early 2007, United States Coast Guard indicated that their fleet will augment increase use of biofuels by 15% over the next four years.
• In the marine industry, beside energy substitute advantage, biolubricants and biodegradable oil  are particularly advantageous from an environmental and pollution perspective. Bio lubrication also offer higher viscosity, flash point and better technical properties such as increased sealing and lower machine operating temperature advantageous use in ship operation.

Time has gone when maritime industry could afford nitty gritty in adopting technology, other industry are already on a fast track preparing themselves technically for evitable changes driven by environmental problem, Global energy demands and political debate add further pressures to find alternative energy especially bio energy  because of hybridization of old and new system advantage it offer. The implication is that shipping could be caught ill prepared for any rapid change in demand or supply of biofuel. Thus this technology is in the early stages of development but the shipping industry need top be prepared for the impacts of its breakthrough because Shipping will eventually required be at the centre of this supply and demand logistics chain again. Table 3 shows the projection for the main present players.

Table3  – projection

Region

Growth (1990-1994)

Projection (2020)

United states

7%

15%

Europe

2%

15%

4.0 Sources of biomass

North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) region. Supply has classified biofuel into the following four type’s vizs: agricultural residues, energy crops, forestry residues, and urban wood waste/mill residues. A brief description of each type of biomass is provided below:

• Agricultural residues from the remaining stalks and biomass material left on the ground can be collected and used for energy generation purposes this include residues of wheat straw and corn stover.
• Energy crops are produced solely or primarily for use as feedstocks in energy generation processes. Energy crops includes hybrid poplar, and switchgrass, grown on idled, or in pasture, and in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP).
• Forestry residues are composed of logging residues, rough rotten salvageable dead wood, and excess small pole trees.
• Urban wood waste/mill residues are waste woods from manufacturing operations that would otherwise be landfilled. The urban wood waste/mill residue category includes primary mill residues and urban wood such as pallets, construction waste, and demolition debris, which are not otherwise used.

The most important agricultural commodity crops being planted in the United States are listed in Table 4. Corn, wheat, and soybeans represent about 70 percent of total cropland harvested.

Table 6 shows representative characteristics for different subcategories of urban wood waste and mill residues.

5.0 Risk and Uncertainties

Although a significant amount of effort has gone into estimating the available quantities of biomass supply, the following risk and uncertainties that need to be incorporated into design and decision work on biodiesel use are:

• Risk to land use – Our planet only have 295 land, for example Brazil has some 200 million acres of farmland available, more than the 46 million acres of land,  required to grow the sugarcane needed to satisfy the projected 2022
• Evolving competing uses of biomass materials, the large market consumption, pricing and growing need.
• In agricultural waste, the impact of biomass removal on soil quality pose treat to agricultural residues that need to be left on the soil to maintain soil quality could result in significant losses of biomass for electric power generation purposes.
• Impact of changes in forest fire prevention policies on biomass availability could cause vegetation in forests to minimize the potential for forest fires could significantly increase the quantity of forestry residues available.
• Potential attempt to recycle more of the municipal solid waste stream might translate into less available biomass for electricity generation.
• Impact on the food production industry as witness in recent food scarcity crisis

5.1 Regulatory impact

The EU has stated that by 2020 a target of 20% of community wide energy will be renewable. Further to this, all member states are to achieve a mandatory 10% minimum target for the share of biofuels in transport petrol and diesel consumption by 2020.. The legislation provides a phase-in for biofuel blends, including availability of high percentage biofuel blends at filling stations.  The United States Congress passed the Renewable Fuels Standards (RFS) in February 2008, which will require 35 billion gallons of renewable and alternative fuels in 2022. In parallel to this, work is continuing to reduce emissions further in vehicles. Political drivers in Asia vary according to region. In Southeast Asia, the centre of world production for palm oil, coconut oil, and other tropical oils, political support for farming is the key driver.

The issue affecting shipping is whether to refine and use biodiesel locally, or export the unrefined oil for product production elsewhere. In the short term the economics have favored the exports of unrefined oil – which is good news for us. Over the next ten years, with the cost of oil rising, and strict emission reductions in place, the need for increased biofuel production is likely to increase. as well as creating a net positive balance fuel. According to the IEA, world biofuels demand for transport could increase to about 3% of overall world oil demand in 2015 and double by 2030 over the 2008 figure. This does not sound so significant but as we show later it has a significant impact on the specialist fleet capacity demand. As we said before, predicting the trade pattern of biofuels adds a layer of complexity to the overall  nergy supply picture and our oil distribution system.

We also believe that this forecast will be the minimum seen as the political pressures will cause the level to rise beyond 3%. To put the scale in context, the current oil tanker fleet of vessels 10,000 dwt or larger comprises of some 4,600 vessels amounting to 386 million dwt. These include about 2,560 Handysize tankers. Additionally, there are some 4,400 more small tankers from 1,000 to 10,000 dwt accounting for 16 million dwt. Our projections show a significant role for seaborne transport, even using conservative bases with high proportions of locally supplied biofuels. This is a significant fleet segment that poses technical and regulatory challenges. As we have discussed, the requirements cannot be fully defined because many market factors remain uncertain, but ship owners who are building new vessels or operating existing vessels should consider this future trade through flexible design options that we will introduce later.

5.3  Potential Impacts to Shipping

The key political drivers for biofuels are environmental concerns, energy security and agricultural policy. The tonne mile demand for future tankers will be greatly affected by national, regional or global policy and political decision making in these areas. There is a greater flexibility in the sourcing of biofuels than there is in hydrocarbon energy sources and this may be attractive to particular governments. Once the regulatory framework is clear, economics will determine how the regulations will best be met and seaborne trade will be at the centre of the outcome. In many parts of the world, environmental concerns are the leading political driver for biofuels. Reflecting these concerns, the global Kyoto Protocol, was negotiated in 1997, and this further provides a driver for the use of biofuels.

5.4  Shipping Routes and Economics Impacts

The above trend analysis discussed indicate potential capacity requirement from shipping, so far  North America, Europe and South East  Asia are the key importing regions where this growth is concentrated. This includes the Latin American counties of Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay and Southeast Asia’s Indonesia and Malaysia will remain key suppliers for the palm oil, Philippines and Papua New Guinea have potentials for vegetable oil and agricultural while Thailand has potential for sugarcane. This trade potential will determine future trade route from Malacca Straits to Europe, ballast to Argentina, to load soybean oil to China, and then make a short ballast voyage to the Malacca Straits, where the pattern begins again, a typical complicated fronthaul / backhaul combinations that can initiate, economies of scale need top reduce freight costs and subsequent push for bigger ship production and short sea services like recent experience of today’s tankers.  According to plateau case study the following regional impact can be deduced for shipping.

Biofuel

Demand

North America

ethanol

33 million tons

Europe

ethanol and biodiesel.: 50:50

30 million tons

Asia

ethanol and biodiesel.: 50:50

18 million tons

North America demand – policy work support biofuel use in the us and 32 Handysize equivalent tankers will be needed to meet US demand in 2015. with technological breakthrough there will be need for 125 vessel 2030.

European demand – Due to environmental requirement and energy security believed to be politically acceptable in the EU but economics may drive a different outcome.80 Handysizes with some due to the growth in trade and longer voyage distance.  With technological breakthrough for 2nd and 3rd generation biofuel growth will need growing to 145 in 2030 Aframax vessels if the technical issues can be overcome.

Asia demand  – In plateau case  50 Handysize equivalents are required in 2015 and 2030 with forecast vessel sizes being Handysizes with some Panamax vessels 162 vessels total in the three regions.

By adding up all the regions, with biofuels as only 3% of world transport demand, we are looking at a fleet of about 400 Handysize vessels to accommodate the demand and supply drivers by 2030 and 162 by 2015. The total vessel forecast for 2030 could means 2,560 vessels of 81 million deadweight tons.

As regions identify these growth markets and recognize the economies of $/tonne scale that can be achieved, as shown here, with bigger tonnage, we are seeing natural investment occurring. New port developments in concerned trade rout will be required to accommodate large Panamax vessel and parcel size for palm oil exports. on the long haul routes.

5.5  Biomass  Ship Technologies Impacts

Generation

A variety of methods could turn an age-old natural resource into a new and efficient means of generating electricity. biomass in large amounts is available in many areas, and is being considered as a fuel source for future generation of electricity. Biomass is by its nature both bulky and widely distributed and electricity from conventional, centralized power plants requires an extensive distribution network. Traditionally power is generated through centralized, conventional power plant, where biomass is transported to the central plant, typically a steam or gas turbine power plant, and the electricity is then distributed through the grid to the end users. Costs include fuel and transportation, power plant construction, maintenance, and operation, and distribution of the electric power, including losses in transmission.

Electrical efficiency

capacity

 biomass

thermal efficiency -40 %

$2,000 per kilowat

coal

45 %

$1,500 per kilowatt,

However, micro-biomass power generators located at the site of end-use seem to offer a path for new solution for energy. Recent development in towards use of micro biomass will equally offer best practice adaptation for marine power. Biomass is used at or near the site of end-use, with heat from external combustion converted directly to electricity by a biomass fired free-piston genset . Costs include fuel and acquisition and maintenance of the genset and burner. Since the electricity is used on site, both transmission losses and distribution costs are minimal. Thus, in areas without existing infrastructure to transmit power, there are no additional costs. In this case it is also possible to cogenerate using the rejected heat for space or hot water heating, or absorption cooling. Previously, option two has not been feasible, since there have been no small (less than ~50 kW) devices for directly and efficiently converting biomass energy to electricity. Micro-biomass power generation is a more cost-effective means of providing power than central biomass power generation. In particular, areas where there is a need for both power and heat – domestic hot water and space heat and absorption chilling – are attractive for cogeneration configurations of this machine. Biomass can be generated using single or ganged free-piston Stirling engines gensets. These micro-biomass generators offer a number of advantages over centralized biomass fueled power plants. They can be placed at the end-user location taking advantage of local fuel prices and do not require a distribution grid. They can directly provide electrical output with integral linear alternators, or where power requirements are larger they can be ganged and drive a conventional rotary turbine. They are hermetically sealed and offer long lives through their non-contact operation.

Biomass for electricity generation is treated in four ways in NEMS: (1) new dedicated biomass or biomass gasification, (2) existing and new plants that co-fire biomass with coal, (3) existing plants that combust biomass directly in an open-loop process,18 and (4) biomass use in industrial cogeneration applications. Existing biomass plants are accounted for using information such as on-line years, efficiencies, heat rates, and retirement dates, obtained through EIA surveys of the electricity generation sector.

Emissions offsets and waste reduction could help enhance the appeal of biomass to utilities  An important consideration for the future use of biomass-fired power plants is the treatment of biomass flue gases. Biomass-combustion flue gases have high moisture content. When the flue gas is cooled to a temperature below the dew point, water vapor starts to condense. By using flue-gas condensation, sensible and latent heat can be recovered for district heating or other heat-consuming processes; this increases the heat generation from a cogeneration plant by more than 30 percent.  Flue-gas condensation not only recovers heat but also captures dust and hazardous pollutants from flue gases at the same time. Most dioxins, chlorine, mercury, and dust are removed, and sulfur oxides are separated out to some extent. Another feature of flue gas condensation is water recovery, which helps solve the problem of water consumption in evaporative gas turbines.

Biomass open door for another way rather than competing with fossil fuel plants a substantial opportunity exists to generate micro-biomass electric power, at power levels from fractions of a kilowatts through to tens or hundreds of kilowatts, at the point of en d use. At these power levels neither small internal combustion engines, which cannot use biomass directly, nor reciprocating steam engines, with low efficiency and limited life, can offer the end user economic electric power. Free-piston Stirling micro biomass engine engines are an economic alternative. Stirling offers the following advantages over significantly larger systems:

• Stirling machines have reasonable overall efficiencies at moderate heater head temperatures (~600ƒC)
• cogeneration is simple
• large amounts of capital do not have to be raised to build a single evaluation plant with its associated technical and economic risks
• A large fraction of the value of the engine alternator can be reused at the end of its life
• Stirling systems can be ganged with multiple units operating in parallel.

United States: 1996, P1-R96-STAB-00-NTH (Washington, DC, November 1996). l.

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Source by Oladokun Sulaiman

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Kohler Engine Troubleshooting is done by appropriate identification of issue and solved with a systematic method. Their difficulty solving approach is always to think like mechanics and address scientifically. Above a time period they have researched for engine problems and identified several possible brings about. All that what we need to do is to identify the engine issue after which rule out every possible trigger. It can be termed as “by elimination process”.

Allow us bring the dilemma that “engine does not crank”. The subsequent are the causes. (1) Battery is obtaining minimal charge/ discharged, (two) Connection terminals are loose or moved, (three) Faulty crucial switch, (4) Fuse blew – off, (5) Interlocks more than ride or failed, (6) Malfunction of starter/ solenoid, (7) Wrong air gap in electric clutch, (8) Generate belt wedged involving pulleys/guide, (9) No tension of drive belt, and (10) Beginning torque is high/low. Allow us carry the difficulty that “engine cranks but will not start”. The using are the brings about. (1) Fuel nose de shaped, and/or no fuel/no supply, (2) Fuel filter clogged, (three) Fuel solenoid inoperative, (four) Regulator do not open, (five) Throttle manage failed, (6) Choke on/not totally closed engine flooded, (seven) Power consider off clutch on, (8) Security interlocks failed/inoperative, (9) No energy to plugs or not cleaned plugs, and (10) Transmission not in normal.

You will find other factors like:- (1) Tough on slow speeds and no acceleration, (two) Backfires on complete throttle, (three) Troubles in Electrical systems, (four) Heats – up fast and seizures and not beginning, (5) Stops on lower idle, (6) Highest RPM not reachable and (7) Acceleration is poor with ac, so on… The record is extended with difficulty shooting matrix. All the over are major examples. You can find much more troubles and checklist is lengthy.

What they need to do very first and phase by action strategy is illustrated with VCD.

You can find more information about Kohler engines at http://faucetsandengines.com/kohler-engine-repair/, where you can read about Kohler engine troubleshooting.

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Source by Alejandro Maynard

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In New Delhi: Indian Times News Network has reported that the Willy’s Jeep which was popular during the Second World War in the forties was recently reported to be going strong. It should be noted that the Willy’s Jeep has become an icon before the 70’s and 80’s and has continued to be so until new age vehicles took over.

In a small and dusty town of Punjab, there is still a strong market for the old and abandoned Jeep chassis which automobile lovers go to shop. The largest second-hand jeep market of Moga has connoisseurs that have even descended from the hilly reigns of Shimla, and a number of other states. And that’s not all! Who would ever think that the famous Porsche preferring NRI clan in Punjab has become an avid follower of the Jeep Mandi?

According to Mohinder Singh, one of the dealers in Moga, “if you see the old chassis and new Jeep Willy’s, you will not be able to find even one fault in the car and one look at it will make you buy it. Furthermore, once the Willy’s price is told, next time you know it’s gone. It only takes about 60 seconds to sell a Willy’s. The price range of a Willy’s Jeep starts from Rs 1.65 lakh to a maximum of Rs 2 lakh. The Jeep with all its wonders is one incredible purchase.”

The abandoned chassis is fitted with a top of the line Toyota turbo diesel engine which is preferred for its high fuel efficiency and pick up performance and cost about Rs 40,000. Also available are modern accessories and chrome alloys with price ranging from Rs 25,000 and Rs 30,000. The prices also include the margin of dealers that reaches up to Rs 30,000.

The Willy’s were given post modifications and are set to hit the road. The main road of Moga is flooded with different people especially during Sundays, who converge to the place not only to buy the latest Jeep but also to get the best set of wheels for their vehicles. The latest open air Jeep with its low price tag is not a bad buy at all especially since most of its components like for instance its Jeep exhaust manifold and other auto parts have undergone the same stern quality test as that of the range toppers.

Jagmohan Singh, another Jeep dealer in Moga, “There are close to 100 dealers here in the city and each dealer sold at least 10 Jeeps every week. That transpires into a lot of business for us. Many ministers and local MLAs also come here. In fact, most of the students purchasing the Jeep end up getting upgrades every week.”

The Moga Jeep Mandi has been in close competition with the Dabwali Mandi which is situated in Sangrur. But according to dealers from Moga they have been able to surpass the Dabwali benchmark since they sell more Jeeps. Most of the dealers purchase their chassis from army auctions but since the auction have ceased, dealers from villagers provide the Jeep Mandi with chassis. Such trade has not affected business at all. The Moga treatment to Jeep has been selling like hotcakes and this has been going on prior to the changes from the army side.

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Source by Lisa Ziegler

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The anticipation is over: the new Toyota GT 86 sports car makes its world debut at the 2011 Tokyo motor show. The compact 2+2 model, one of the most keenly awaited new cars of the coming year, will go on sale in the UK in June 2012.

The Toyota GT 86 has been conceived as an entirely driver-focused machine, designed to deliver the core qualities of the classic sports car experience. That means precise, instant response to the smallest throttle and steering inputs and the kind of performance that appeals to those for whom driving is a passion, not a necessity.

The Toyota GT 86 is built on a new platform, with a highly aerodynamic bodyshell stretched tight over the car’s mechanical elements. Rather than fitting a heavy, large capacity powertrain, Toyota has opted instead to go back to its sporting roots, installing a compact, front-mounted, free-revving petrol engine that drives the rear wheels.

This four-cylinder “boxer” unit generates 197bhp at 7,000rpm and maximum torque of 205Nm at 6,600rpm, giving the Toyota GT 86 brisk, engaging performance.

The powertrain is matched to the world’s most compact four-seat design to create a car that benefits from light weight, low inertia and a low centre of gravity to achieve the best possible power-to-weight ratio. For the driver that means lively, accessible performance and dynamic character with minimal intrusion from electronic systems.

Packaging

The Toyota GT 86 measures 4,240mm long, 1,285mm high and 2,570mm wide, dimensions which make it the most compact four-seater sports car available today.

Both the powertrain and the driving position have been set as low and as far back as possible to achieve the best balance: the car has a near-perfect 53:47 front-to-rear weight distribution. The flat-four engine format and the driver’s hip point – the lowest of any current Toyota production model – together give the Toyota GT 86 an ultra-low centre of gravity, at just 475mm.

The Toyota GT 86 makes the most of a light kerb weight, making it easy for drivers to exploit its nimble handling and cornering poise. The suspension features MacPherson struts at the front and double wishbones at the rear. The car rides on 17-inch wheels and is fitted with ventilated disc brakes fore and aft.

World’s first horizontally opposed engine with D-4S

The Toyota GT 86’s engine is the result of a joint Toyota and Subaru development programme that brings together their technical know-how and mutual passion for sports cars.

Toyota has added its D-4S injection technology to Subaru’s new, horizontally opposed, naturally aspirated 1,998cc four-cylinder boxer engine. This system features separate twin injectors for both direct and port injection, and a high 12.5:1 compression ratio, increasing power and torque across a wide range of engine speeds without sacrificing fuel efficiency and environmental performance.

The flat-four engine has equal bore and stroke of 86.0mm and drives through either a six-speed manual or six-speed automatic transmission. The manual offers quick, precise shifts using a tactile, short-throw lever; the automatic transmission can be controlled using paddle shifts mounted on the steering wheel.

Power is distributed to the rear wheels via a limited slip differential to give the best possible grip in all driving conditions. The ABS and switchable vehicle stability control systems have been tuned specifically to deliver dynamic stability at the limit of the car’s performance envelope with minimal electronic intervention to help preserve the purity of the driving experience.

Design

The design of the Toyota GT 86 successfully works within the technical constraints of achieving the most compact dimensions possible, a low centre of gravity and aerodynamic performance inspired by motorsport technology, while also displaying evocative, sweeping styling that recalls Toyota’s sports car heritage.

Toyota’s new design language informs the styling, as in the way attention is focused on the lower part of the car with the large lower grille. Elsewhere the “keen” approach can be witnessed in the clear, expressive lines.

The lower grille’s “scorpion” look gives the Toyota GT 86 a more powerful appearance, with further sporting details including the model-specific 17-inch alloy wheels, rear spoiler, twin exhausts and the “86” piston logo that denotes the car’s special powertrain configuration.

On board, the ergonomics and function of every element the driver interacts with have been scrutinised to make driving the car as natural, instinctive and rewarding as possible. For example, the steering wheel has a 365mm diameter, making it the smallest ever fitted to a Toyota, and it is trimmed in buckskin, developed from exhaustive feedback from test drivers on how to achieve the best steering performance and grip.

The three-meter instrument cluster is arranged around a large tachometer, its design benefiting from close attention to the positioning of the displays, markings and typeface. The result is the best possible visibility and readability. The driver-focus of the cockpit is further reinforced by the carbon-effect trim, all-black roof lining, red stitching on the upholstery, aviation-style rocker switches and lightweight, aluminium pedals.

Toyota’s 50-year sports car heritage

The Toyota GT 86 may be launched as the world’s only current sports car to feature a front-mounted, horizontally opposed engine and rear-wheel drive, but it cannot claim to be the first. That honour is held by Toyota’s two-cylinder boxer-engined Sports 800, which the company began developing in 1962. Since then, Toyota has established a long history of producing exciting, driver-focused sports cars with a front-engine, rear-wheel drive format that have proved as popular with the public as they have been successful in competition.

The beautiful 2000 GT, a coupe powered by a 2.0-litre straight-six engine, was first displayed at the 1965 Tokyo motor show and helped establish Toyota’s global reputation as a sports car manufacturer.

Launched in 1971, the first Celica models featured rear-wheel drive powertrains and were praised by enthusiasts for their agility. All four Supra generations came with straight-six engines and rear-wheel drive, while from 1984 the MR2 won recognition as one of the best handling sports cars in motoring history.

The inspiration for the Toyota GT 86, however, is the Corolla GT (or Levin) AE86, a car with an enduring reputation for delivering sheer excitement and capturing the fundamental joy of driving. Its front-engine, rear-wheel drive package, mishimoto radiator, compact dimensions, light weight, impeccable balance and superior power-to-weight ratio made it a must-have choice for rallying and circuit driving throughout its production life, from 1983 to 1987. Here in the UK the GT claimed two British Touring Car Championship titles and a series of top-level rally victories.

The Toyota GT 86 is a genuinely lightweight machine that offers the intimacy and involvement of a car that can be driven as though an extension of the driver’s body. In this way, it perfectly recaptures the exhilarating spirit of the last of the AE86. And, with numerous customisable parts, its shares its predecessor’s aim to be an affordable car that will evolve with its owner.

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Source by Redline Motive

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Recent official statistics regarding the Nigerian imports of goods, products and services of varying sorts from foreign countries are comparatively and quite bothersome, just as their deep impact is visibly being felt on the country’s dwindling foreign reserves and the Naira, the nation’s currency.  

But, what constitute these imports? Trading Economics describes an import as “any good or service brought into one country from another country in a legitimate fashion, typically for use in trade. Import goods or services are provided to domestic consumers by foreign producers. An import in the receiving country is an export to the sending country. Imports, along with exports, form the basis of international trade….”

Though import of goods usually requires the involvement of the Customs’ authorities in both the country of import and the country of export and is often subject to import quotas, tariffs and trade agreements, the situation in Nigeria oftentimes, is different from what actually obtains in other climes, due to official corruption, smuggling and other sharp practices hurting the economy.

Research has indicated that Nigeria’s imports were worth US$13.2billion in the fourth quarter of 2010, covering mostly industrial supplies (32% of total); transport equipment and parts (23%); capital goods (24%); food and beverage (11%) and consumer goods. Whereas the nation’s predominant import partners in this regard are China (17% of total), Albania (11.3%), United States (7.5%), France and Belgium.

With all manner of imports, both legitimate and otherwise, into the country of late, official statistics reportedly made public by both the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) revealed that Nigeria’s imports were worth about N10billion in July 2011 alone.

As if the country delights in remaining a perpetual net importer of varying products from abroad, recent revelation by Dr. Akinwunmi Ayo Adesina, Honourable Minister for Agriculture and Natural Resources, was short of a national embarrassment. According to him, during his presentation of Agricultural Transformation Plan at the recent National Economic Summit (NES#17), of the total imports the country had recorded in recent years, food and beverage imports took about US$628 billion (over N98billion) of the total import bills between 2007 and 2010.

Offering further insights into how worrisome Nigeria’s over-dependence on imports (averaging 11% per annum) has become in recent years, Dr. Adesina reportedly disclosed that in the food and beverage sub-sector alone in 2010, the country spent whopping “N635 billion on importation of wheat, N356 billion on rice, which invariably translated into spending close to N1billion per day; N217 billion on sugar imports as well as N97billion on fish importation,” in spite of the numerous  marine resources, rivers, lakes and creeks rich in sea foods, stretching across the Nigerian Federation.

This precarious development is quite disappointing, unsustainable and unacceptable in a country that had hitherto prided itself on its comparative advantage in exporting products such as Oil Palm from the East/South, Cocoa from the West, Cotton and Groundnut from the North, among other notable agricultural produce which contributed immensely to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the days of yores. That was the time when the “trap” of oil boom and its concomitant sudden, huge wealth regime had not overrun the nation’s economic life.

While one is not contending that there is any nation on earth today that is an autarky, a country operating economic self-sufficiency, which is entirely independent of international trade and does not rely upon imported goods one way or the other, yet, it is mind-boggling to realise that the continual, slipshod importation of all manner of goods and products, from absolutely counterfeit to substandard into this country is ultimately overstretching Nigeria’s foreign reserves, in addition to turning ours into a dumping ground.   

Again, the latest revelation by the Agriculture and Natural Resources Minister on the planned cuts on food exports to other nations of the world, including Nigeria, by the frontline food-producing nations. Such countries include Thailand, Russia, India and Vietnam, which following pressure over increased demands for same food items at home, are somewhat signalling to Nigeria and other import-dependent, consumer nations to start thinking, at least with regard to the way out if these food-producing and exporting nations finally decide to execute the food export ban proposal.   

In this era of technological revolution, a sequel of the industrial era, Nigeria should jump on the bandwagon of promising knowledge economy that predominantly drives the development of new technologies, skills, strategies, processes, procedures and aptitudes to revive the nation’s comatose industrial sector, thereby creating employment opportunities and wealth for millions of our people.

In a deliberate national paradigm shift of sort, embracing these new developments may afford the nation the opportunity of preserving whatever remains of its national dignity in the eyes of the international world, aside from enabling the country to play big in the proposed, coveted league of 20 top economies in the world by year 2020.

Border security officials, Nigeria Customs Service (NCS) officers and other food and product regulatory agencies such as the National Agency for Foods and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) need to do a lot more in regulating the standards of foods and other goods and products being ordered and shipped into this country these days.

The purported connivance of many unpatriotic Nigerian importers who indulge in expressly encouraging manufacturers, especially in China, to produce low-quality goods and products, which in most instances, are very harmful to the life of the average Nigerian consumer of such sub-standard goods and products, must be tamed. Such wicked importers and their collaborating foreign manufacturers agreeing to commit this grave economic crime, flooding the nation’s markets with poor quality products should be detected by these Government agencies and sufficiently prosecuted.  

In the name of globalisation, Nigeria should no longer be a dumping ground for all kinds of sub-standard products, a practice which even the proponents of globalisation as Europe and the Americas can never allow on their shores, when it comes to importing quality goods and products from other countries. Rather, we need to put our act together and make conscious efforts at promoting Made in Nigeria goods by reviving the nation’s ailing industries, empower the largely struggling Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in order to support the growth of entrepreneurship that can create opportunities for the army of unemployed young population.

As rational, self-respecting humans, shouldn’t we have standards in connection with imported products we consume from time to time? After 51 years of political Independence, when are we planning to achieve relative economic Independence? In fairness to them, it’s high time we stopped blaming the White men for the nation’s persistent socio-economic and political woes, even decades after officially managing Nigeria’s affairs.   

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Source by Gbenga Kayode

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The anticipation is over: the new Toyota GT 86 sports car makes its world debut at the 2011 Tokyo motor show. The compact 2+2 model, one of the most keenly awaited new cars of the coming year, will go on sale in the UK in June 2012.

The Toyota GT 86 has been conceived as an entirely driver-focused machine, designed to deliver the core qualities of the classic sports car experience. That means precise, instant response to the smallest throttle and steering inputs and the kind of performance that appeals to those for whom driving is a passion, not a necessity.

The Toyota GT 86 is built on a new platform, with a highly aerodynamic bodyshell stretched tight over the car’s mechanical elements. Rather than fitting a heavy, large capacity powertrain, Toyota has opted instead to go back to its sporting roots, installing a compact, front-mounted, free-revving petrol engine that drives the rear wheels.

This four-cylinder “boxer” unit generates 197bhp at 7,000rpm and maximum torque of 205Nm at 6,600rpm, giving the Toyota GT 86 brisk, engaging performance.

The powertrain is matched to the world’s most compact four-seat design to create a car that benefits from light weight, low inertia and a low centre of gravity to achieve the best possible power-to-weight ratio. For the driver that means lively, accessible performance and dynamic character with minimal intrusion from electronic systems.

Packaging

The Toyota GT 86 measures 4,240mm long, 1,285mm high and 2,570mm wide, dimensions which make it the most compact four-seater sports car available today.

Both the powertrain and the driving position have been set as low and as far back as possible to achieve the best balance: the car has a near-perfect 53:47 front-to-rear weight distribution. The flat-four engine format and the driver’s hip point – the lowest of any current Toyota production model – together give the Toyota GT 86 an ultra-low centre of gravity, at just 475mm.

The Toyota GT 86 makes the most of a light kerb weight, making it easy for drivers to exploit its nimble handling and cornering poise. The suspension features MacPherson struts at the front and double wishbones at the rear. The car rides on 17-inch wheels and is fitted with ventilated disc brakes fore and aft.

World’s first horizontally opposed engine with D-4S

The Toyota GT 86’s engine is the result of a joint Toyota and Subaru development programme that brings together their technical know-how and mutual passion for sports cars.

Toyota has added its D-4S injection technology to Subaru’s new, horizontally opposed, naturally aspirated 1,998cc four-cylinder boxer engine. This system features separate twin injectors for both direct and port injection, and a high 12.5:1 compression ratio, increasing power and torque across a wide range of engine speeds without sacrificing fuel efficiency and environmental performance.

The flat-four engine has equal bore and stroke of 86.0mm and drives through either a six-speed manual or six-speed automatic transmission. The manual offers quick, precise shifts using a tactile, short-throw lever; the automatic transmission can be controlled using paddle shifts mounted on the steering wheel.

Power is distributed to the rear wheels via a limited slip differential to give the best possible grip in all driving conditions. The ABS and switchable vehicle stability control systems have been tuned specifically to deliver dynamic stability at the limit of the car’s performance envelope with minimal electronic intervention to help preserve the purity of the driving experience.

Design

The design of the Toyota GT 86 successfully works within the technical constraints of achieving the most compact dimensions possible, a low centre of gravity and aerodynamic performance inspired by motorsport technology, while also displaying evocative, sweeping styling that recalls Toyota’s sports car heritage.

Toyota’s new design language informs the styling, as in the way attention is focused on the lower part of the car with the large lower grille. Elsewhere the “keen” approach can be witnessed in the clear, expressive lines.

The lower grille’s “scorpion” look gives the Toyota GT 86 a more powerful appearance, with further sporting details including the model-specific 17-inch alloy wheels, rear spoiler, twin exhausts and the “86” piston logo that denotes the car’s special powertrain configuration.

On board, the ergonomics and function of every element the driver interacts with have been scrutinised to make driving the car as natural, instinctive and rewarding as possible. For example, the steering wheel has a 365mm diameter, making it the smallest ever fitted to a Toyota, and it is trimmed in buckskin, developed from exhaustive feedback from test drivers on how to achieve the best steering performance and grip.

The three-meter instrument cluster is arranged around a large tachometer, its design benefiting from close attention to the positioning of the displays, markings and typeface. The result is the best possible visibility and readability. The driver-focus of the cockpit is further reinforced by the carbon-effect trim, all-black roof lining, red stitching on the upholstery, aviation-style rocker switches and lightweight, aluminium pedals.

Toyota’s 50-year sports car heritage

The Toyota GT 86 may be launched as the world’s only current sports car to feature a front-mounted, horizontally opposed engine and rear-wheel drive, but it cannot claim to be the first. That honour is held by Toyota’s two-cylinder boxer-engined Sports 800, which the company began developing in 1962. Since then, Toyota has established a long history of producing exciting, driver-focused sports cars with a front-engine, rear-wheel drive format that have proved as popular with the public as they have been successful in competition.

The beautiful 2000 GT, a coupe powered by a 2.0-litre straight-six engine, was first displayed at the 1965 Tokyo motor show and helped establish Toyota’s global reputation as a sports car manufacturer.

Launched in 1971, the first Celica models featured rear-wheel drive powertrains and were praised by enthusiasts for their agility. All four Supra generations came with straight-six engines and rear-wheel drive, while from 1984 the MR2 won recognition as one of the best handling sports cars in motoring history.

The inspiration for the Toyota GT 86, however, is the Corolla GT (or Levin) AE86, a car with an enduring reputation for delivering sheer excitement and capturing the fundamental joy of driving. Its front-engine, rear-wheel drive package, mishimoto radiator, compact dimensions, light weight, impeccable balance and superior power-to-weight ratio made it a must-have choice for rallying and circuit driving throughout its production life, from 1983 to 1987. Here in the UK the GT claimed two British Touring Car Championship titles and a series of top-level rally victories.

The Toyota GT 86 is a genuinely lightweight machine that offers the intimacy and involvement of a car that can be driven as though an extension of the driver’s body. In this way, it perfectly recaptures the exhilarating spirit of the last of the AE86. And, with numerous customisable parts, its shares its predecessor’s aim to be an affordable car that will evolve with its owner.

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Source by Redline Motive

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Off-roading is one of the most exciting activities that outdoor enthusiasts can enjoy. Adventurers find driving by picturesque trails that are often hurdled with harsh road conditions, exhilarating.

Vehicle owners should modify their vehicles to withstand rocky, muddy, sandy roads, ravines and streams. Jeeps, Pickup Trucks and SUV’s are the most common type of vehicles that are used for off-roading.

Some people find the sport intimidating because they have an impression that it is expensive. Luckily, there are cheaper options such as aftermarket upgrades that are available in the market.

Here are some of the top modifications that can improve a vehicle’s off-roading capability:

Off-road tires are more expensive than your regular tires. The price of mud tires usually start at $100. This is the most basic upgrade that a budding off-roader can start with. These type of tires have deeper treads and offer excellent traction to withstand different off-roading conditions.

Cold air intakes and air filters are another must have when you go off-roading. It enhances a vehicle’s performance by improving its airflow. Some of the most popular brands are AFE, Volant and K&N.

Another popular upgrade are shock absorbers. High quality shocks are essential to help control the suspensions and to improve the ride quality and handling of a vehicle, on and off-road. Rancho and Bilstein are two of the most popular shock absorber brands in the market.

Lights are another must have. Visibility is one of the most important concerns of outdoor adventurers. Different types of off-road lights such as light bars and flood lights can help the off-roader to see faraway objects, blind corners and other potential hazards that are often encountered during nighttime driving.

Winches are also important. This simple upgrade is essential, especially during the times that a rig is stuck in deep mud and is need of extraction. Warn, Smittybilt and Superwinch are three of the most celebrated brands when it comes to winches.

Roof racks are often purchased to load objects that can be used while going on an off-roading adventure or other types of sport equipment such as kayaks, canoes and surf boards. It also gives a rig a rugged look.

Lift kits are also a must have when it comes to this sport. This gives a rig an added ground clearance, increases wheel well clearance, to allow use of large tires, and also adds space between wheel axles.

Body armors are also a popular upgrade, particularly heavy duty, off-road front and rear bumpers that offer greater protection than regular bumpers and skid plates. These are steel plates that serve as an undercarriage shield to prevent damage from ground contact.

It is very important for rig owners to do their research before adding any upgrades to their vehicle. Always consider the price and quality of each product. There are a lot of products that can be purchased to make their rides off-road ready. It is very helpful to read reviews before making a decision. Choose wisely.

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Source by Anthony Smith

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Northland Kia is the best Kia Dealer in Calgary

Purchase the car of your dreams affordably from the best Kia Dealers in Calgary. Northland Kia offers an unsurpassed selection of new and used quality Kia’s sold by knowledgeable professionals in a hassle free environment, a winning combination sure to have you driving away in your new Kia today. Granted the Consumers Choice Award as the best Kia Dealers in Calgary they conduct business with courtesy.

Northland Kia is the newest the largest and best Kia Dealer in Calgary. They provided an unparalleled selection of eye-catching new and used inventory in addition to parts and professional services. Maintenance service offered includes Engine tune-up, transmission flush and more all provided by highly trained service technicians. Sales representatives remain committed to clients providing a friendly environment and hassle free selection process, catering to the buying experience with comprehensive responses regarding the best Kia’s in Town. As the best Kia Dealers in Calgary they have finance options available making it easy to drive away in the ideal Kia. Offering incredible vehicle value this Dealership makes every purchase a rewarding sale and is guaranteed to provide a great buying experience. They have an exciting new vehicle line-up and convenient service to satisfy all clients. A Company committed to excellence offering exceptional service Northland Kia has earned the Consumers Choice Award and reputation for being the best Kia Dealer in Calgary.

The Consumers Choice Awards use an elite form of Consumer study to gauge local opinion. As part of the study communities are asked to name their choice of business such as where to find the best Kia Dealers in Calgary. The overwhelming response is processed and condensed to the top five Companies in each category theses business names are placed on a ballot and distributed for a community vote. Majority vote is used to grant Companies the award along with the title of best in class. The authentic study processes uses repeat questioning with changing format that receive a large volume of response to insure accuracy. Popular response has named Northland Kia as the best Kia Dealer in Calgary. Recognition from the coveted award is the result of constant competition amongst Companies to provide the ultimate in product and service in order to gain and retain public favor. By inspiring Companies to operate under the goal of complete customer satisfaction the Consumers Choice Awards help to create pleasurable business environment that welcomes future clientele and serves to boost local sales. In granting Consumers the opportunity to voice their opinion and then using it to recognize and reward client focused Companies in a manner that invites local business the Consumers Choice Awards conducts a valued service to communities throughout North America. The community also values the service at Northland Kia and they have therefore been granted the Consumers Choice Award for being the best Kia Dealer in Calgary.

Thank you Northland Kia for being the best Kia Dealer in Calgary, an honor made possible with special thanks to the Consumers Choice Awards for continually supporting business excellence by recognizing Companies such as this. Check out the award-winning inventory at the best Kia Dealer in Calgary located on 5100 Shaganappi Trail NW, or call to speak with a service representative at (403) 202-3432. If you are searching for the best deals in Town, Northland Kia is where they can be found, as they are the best Kia Dealers in Calgary.
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Source by ezipress

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Do you want to keep your car good in shape and working also? If yes, then frequent car maintenance is mandatory. The life of the car can be retained successfully, if it is given recurring tune ups and appropriate repairs. Indeed, the upholding ensures the endurance of the car. Each car requires a “major service” once in a couple of years or after covering 30,000 miles. Follow a few easy guidelines that keep your car maintained for an extended period of time.

Cleaning of fuel filters is just not vital. You simply must replace them if they are fuel injectors and are blocked. If your car does not have platinum spark plugs that usually offer you a service of 30,000 Km or more plainly replace with high quality wires for superior results and execution.

Distributor cap and rotors require well timed replacement unless you own a distributor less, electronic ignition. In case your car is without electronic ignition, change points and condenser, check the ignition timing and get it in tune every six months at least. Check the belts, put new if used up. The oil and further solutions under the hood require a check as well. Change the oil and the oil filter indeed if the run of the vehicle has been over 3,000 miles. Air filters require change between major services. Coolant additives act as wonders and bear in mind to replace oil filters nearly as much as changing oil.

Regulating the clutch, charging the battery, cleaning the cable ends and terminals, adding distilled water if required are some important components of car maintenance. Oxygen sensors in the car influence the setting of the engine and the discharge production. Check it adequately and get new one at once if need be.

You can keep a checklist so that you don’t overlook anything when you are examining your car. Keep a note of the changes too in that list. It is always advised to go through the manufacturer information carefully and adhere to them precisely.

Any advice on change should be chased right away without any delay to shun any big expenses later. Therefore, a regular boost keeps much of your car related problems at bay. In this manner you save on time and money. Nevertheless, it is not a solution in itself. Any carelessness or forgetfulness can get perilous outcomes.

Abiding by easy tips and learning handy skills of car maintenance saves you time and money and entail absolute peace of mind and safety for you and your loved ones. Keep up to everything that your car may need as if you come to sell the car in later years, you will get alot more money for it and will be alot happier with the sale.

If you have bought a new car then the value of it will decline alot as soon as you drive it off the forecourt. This is why it is so important for you to keep the car in good shape. The benefits of maintaining your car far outweigh the cost and effort involved.

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Source by Aden Clark

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Is Audi car leasing right for me?

More and more people are looking into Audi car leasing as another option of updating their cars. Obviously, Audi is a very popular vehicle choice and, with Audi car leasing, you can ensure that you have the latest model with really comprehensive finance packages to suit your budget.

What about company cars?

Audi car leasing is a really obvious choice for larger companies . Audi car leasing can offer all sorts of vehicle fleet management solutions such as contract hire, lease purchase and sale and lease back to name but a few. As a company which has an ongoing requirement for vehicles, Audi car leasing seems to be the obvious choice.

Audi really are the market leaders

With Audi being at the cutting edge of the market in terms of design, performance and flexibility, Audi car leasing can offer you the widest choice in the latest models and specifications from the sporty A% coupe to the ever popular Audi TT.  For the ultimate in Audi car leasing, however, it has to be the Audi R8. Not only is it absolutely stunning to look at, it also has a performance second to none.

Where is the best place to go for Audi car leasing?

Obviously there are lots of places who offer Audi car leasing but, if you want to make sure that you get the best deals available on the market then you should give www.square1leasing.co.uk a try. Not only can they offer Audi car leasing on all of the latest models but they have outstanding finance packages available as well.

Audi really are the market leaders

With Audi being at the cutting edge of the market in terms of design, performance and flexibility, Audi car leasing can offer you the widest choice in the latest models and specifications from the sporty A% coupe to the ever popular Audi TT.  For the ultimate in Audi car leasing, however, it has to be the Audi R8. Not only is it absolutely stunning to look at, it also has a performance second to none.

Where is the best place to go for Audi car leasing?

Obviously there are lots of places who offer Audi car leasing but, if you want to make sure that you get the best deals available on the market then you should give www.square1leasing.co.uk a try. Not only can they offer Audi car leasing on all of the latest models but they have outstanding finance packages available as well.

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Source by Gareth Hoyle