Author Archives: admin

[ad_1]

ATVs were first created as recreational vehicles. However, they’re nonetheless powerful machines. New ATV riders must be very careful when first attempting to ride. Be sure to have an experienced rider there to guide you along the way.

When choosing an ATV for the first time, there are some things to think about. First of all, who’s going to be riding? A young child would require a vehicle that is much smaller and less powerful than a full grown adult. If a rider can comfortably sit on a vehicle and control it, then an ATV becomes a health hazard. Second of all, what is the ATV going to be used for? Is it for recreation or work? Many ATVs come specifically suited to do one job. By answering these questions quickly, a beginner can choose a new ATV with much less hassle.

Now once you have decided what kind of ATV you want to get, it comes the time to choose which brand of ATVS. While many pros would recommend brands such as Polaris or Arctic Cat, a first time ATV rider should consider a wider variety. Remember that many pros are able to handle high power machines, but beginners cannot. If you’re young or simply have a small build, try the company Kazuma USA. They are known to producers of youth type ATVs and are generally extremely reliable vehicles. For people who want larger ATVs or need something with a bit more powerful, you could try the Honda brands. Honda usually offers a large variety of vehicles to choose from, allowing any beginner to choose exactly the type of ATV they want. However, before purchasing, consider these tips. Always try to find a friend who knows how to operate an ATV. These vehicles are difficult to learn on your own. Also, it would make picking an ATV out much easier. Next, consider doing your own research. While the brands Honda and Kazuma USA may be extremely reliable places to start, many riders find that other brands also offer great vehicles. After doing your research you’ll be much more confident in buying one.

Once you’ve gotten your own vehicle, it’s time to learn to ride it. To start, figure out what every function of an ATV can do. This is simple if you have an experienced rider with you. If not, read the instruction manual, no matter how recondite it might be. After carefully examining your vehicle and preparing it for drive, take the ATV out to a driving range. It would be best to contact a professional ATV driving area. If not, be careful to know exactly what type of terrain you’re on in order to avoid any unnecessary conflict. And most important of all, enjoy your ride.

[ad_2]

Source by NiyazK

[ad_1]

Model railroad building kits are extremely popular today. They sell in huge numbers every day because more and more people are beginning to discover the pure beauty and charm that model railways have to offer. They were initially designed to preserve the old style railroads perfectly and the scale train models actually do that. They are simply miniature versions of reality. As a result, they capture the imagination of adults and children alike. Model railroading building kits therefore seem to have a universal appeal that few other toys or models do.

A model railroad building kit has a few integral elements that come as standard. There will almost certainly be a train and a track set in every kit, as well as some model scenery such as landmarks, signage and buildings to brighten it up somewhat and make your kits seem more complete as a result. However, every model railroad building kit is completely different and the tips below will help you to choose the right one for you.

Firstly, model railroad building kits are offered for sale in a variety of sizes. These are commonly known as scales and have a letter to notify buyers of the size. The size is a ratio of how big the replica is to the original. Sometimes a model railroad building kit will have a letter and sometimes it will have a ratio but it very rarely has both. Every brand of model railroad building kit seems to have its own scale but there are some popular ones that seem to be universal.

1. G scale – this is effectively the largest model railroad building kit that you can get. It is 1/22 the size of a real train and track. Sometimes the G scale will be as large as 1/8 the real size, although this largely depends on the manufacturer.

2. O scale – this is almost half of the size of the G scale at 1/48 of a real train. They are actually roughly about 30 inches in width and runs on a much narrower track but retain all of the detail.

3. HO scale – this is exactly half of the size of the O scale train, with the H standing for half. In other words, the ratio is 1/87.

4. Z scale – as it is the last letter of the alphabet, it stands to reason that the Z scale is the smallest size possible in relation to the ratio of a real life train and is actually 1/220. These model railroad building kits are the most popular because they do not take up that much room. For more info see http://www.modelrailroadshelp.com/ on Model Rail Road

As far as model making kits go, you have to fully read the contents before choosing one, as well as weighing up just how much you room you have for each individual set. As long as a model railroad building kit has a locomotive, most people are happy. However, some just look for the track because the locomotive cannot run without them! Whatever you decide, it is then up to you to make the most of your model railroad building kit!

[ad_2]

Source by David Faulkner

[ad_1]

In our troubled economy it is just good business to get the most for your money. Excavators are a large and expensive piece of essential equipment for construction. You may have asked yourself if it is better to buy new or used equipment. The most recognizable model, the Caterpillar, also known as the Cat, has been shown as one of the hardiest when well maintained. Next the Komatsu, Volvo, and Hitachi are all top notch machines. As for the JCBs the buzz is on the rise. Now interest in these machines is not limited to commercial use. Any one with a hole to dig would benefit from a mini excavator. Having seen one in action I can attest to their usefulness. But I have to stress that you be properly trained in how to use them because they weigh in excess of 12,000 pounds and can cause serious damage if used improperly.

The JCB mini digger 8014 boast a 1.1 liter capacity engine giving it 11% greater fuel efficiency, always great to save on gas, lower emissions, leave less of a carbon foot print, and a bigger diesel tank, spend less time filling up. The tubular boom design with gives it strength and durability. The design of the frame means less counter weight is needed. Retailing at over a hundred thousand it is always smart to start used. The best way to go about it is to ask questions, check the hours logged and be prepared.

Now as a counter balance is the JCB 3cx mounted on tires and not tracks this rig is better suited for residential work. It has a digging depth of 18 6 it is an excavator and front end loader. No reason to have two machines for one job. It retails at just under a hundred thousand dollars and seems to be the best tool for the job.

Full sized Komatsu, Volvo, and Hitachi brands tend to be on the expensive side. Retailing for over 200,000 dollars. They would make a good addition to any out fit, but where they are nice to look at they are notoriously hard to find parts for should they break, let alone a mechanic. I cannot say much for them but they do cost considerably less used. A 3 year old model costing nearly 75 % less than new one.

Finally we come to the king of hole. The Cat. Easily the most recognizable excavator in the world. Durable and cost effective. Retailing at about 100,000 dollars new and half that used. There is no shortage on parts or skilled labor to fix these monsters. When considering a piece of equipment for a long haul, dont overlook the Caterpillar.

Weather you go mini or full sized make sure you research your machine, sometimes the yellow pages just wont cut it. Go online, spend time looking and find the best deal for you. Every dealer now has their own website but dont be afraid to look at a smaller site.

[ad_2]

Source by Robert Tate

[ad_1]

The world is moving in dynamic speed and is just pushing the odds of the world aside to lead the way in front. This speed is unbeaten and unstoppable. These speeds can be narrated by the latest innovations and creativities in the aeroplane industries. The aeroplanes are the carriers of people from one destination to others in the fastest of all the transportation modes. These aeroplanes are having different types and styles that are described here in detail.

Types of airplane contains Turboprop Aircraft, Multi-engine Prop, Helicopters, Single engine Prop, Parachute Aircraft, Antique Aircraft and also the War planes that are making the air world more and more enthusiastic and energetic. These different types of airplanes are quite mesmerising in the outlook and also the performance based vehicles that make huge sense in the minds of the people.

Also these vehicles are the best carriers of fun and fascinating pleasure. Airplanes are quite expensive deals so there has to be the option of used airplanes for sale that make the deal cheaper. Used airplanes for sale is the option that is available in the industries but still they are not as regular as other vehicles as dealing in used airplanes requires huge investment and also the sanction of the authorities. These cheaper airplanes for sale are having the best possible deals for any of the buyings of airplanes.

Airplanes are used mainly for the travelling to one place to another and also they are used for cargo transferring. One of the most common features of aircrafts is to have fun in the air!! People get enjoyed in the clouds and over the earth. The sense of getting top of the world is marvellous. Also these airplanes are used privately other than the airplane companies. These private airplanes also are quite expensive and luxurious people have them for leisure. This website is also having such aircrafts for the private buyers and also there are some private sellers who have registered and displayed their aircrafts on the webpage!!

So, have the better used airplanes for sale buying and airplane deal on the aerodynamic website of automotivesupersite.com!!

[ad_2]

Source by RockyR

[ad_1]

Indian economy initiated openness in 1985 in its first phase; but on 24th July 1991 it opened its doors for the world, as it adopted New Economic Reforms. Liberalization of foreign investment policy has been a central component of economic reforms in India, introduced in 1991. It has been of an on-going nature, and the process is continuing even today. Domestic savings in India have not been large enough to meet wholly the investment requirements therefore, capital inflows from other countries, particularly of an investment nature, have become imperative. The investors also bring along best global management practices. As large amount of capital comes in through these investments, so, more and more industries are set up. It helps in increasing employment as well as international trade.

Objectives of the research paper :-

It is mainly concerned with proper policy formulation for FDI and effective implementation of the policies.  The paper depends on secondary data.The study attempts to analyse the important dimensions of FDI in India.The paper has been divided into five sections:- First section deals with liberalisation process. Second section delineates the implications of FDIThird section of the paper attempts to discuss the relaxed FDI policy and the latest moves of the government to allow FDI in some new sectors. Fourth section deals with the effects of these changes on promoting inclusive growth in Indian economy. Fifth Section discusses suggestions to promote inclusive growth with the help of FDI and conclusion.

First Section:-

 The Liberalisation Process refers to the ongoing economic reforms in India which started on 24 July 1991. After Independence in 1947, India embarked upon the path of planned development in a mixed economy and vanguard role was given to public sector. As the govt controlled economy became inefficient, non-competitive, protected and therefore high cost, attempts were made to liberalise the economy in 1966 and 1985. The first attempt was reversed in 1967. The second major attempt was made in 1985 by the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, which came to a halt in 1987. As India faced its worst ever financial crisis, balance of payment crisis, high inflation rate (16.7%), high fiscal deficit, high unemployment rate and other odds, therefore, it had to undertake The New Economic Reforms known as The New Economic Policy (NEP) on 24 July 1991 as part of a bailout deal with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the government of PV Narasimha  Rao and his finance minister Manmohan Singh. The neo-liberal policy included opening of international trade and investment, deregulation, initiation of privatisation, tax reforms, and inflation-controlling measures. Thus, unlike the reforms of 1966 and 1985 the reforms of 1991 proved sustainable.

The fruits of liberalisation reached their peak in 2007, when India recorded its highest GDP growth rate of 9%. With this, India became the second fastest growing major economy in the world, next only to China, which has been liberalising its economy since 1978.

But, the growth rate slowed significantly in the first half of 2012, as India’s Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate became lowest in 2012-13 over a decade, growing merely at 5% compared with 6.2% in 2011-12. On 28 August 2013 the Indian rupee hit an all time low of 68.80 against the US dollar. India’s economic reforms were criticised, as the policy apparently failed to address poverty-reduction, employment growth, export growth and thereby leading to a worsening level of current account deficit compared to prior to the reform period. Since 1992, income inequality has deepened in India.

 Second section- implications of FDI:- FDI is a non-debt, non-volatile investment and thus helping the development of country. The paper tries to find out how FDI is seen as an important economic catalyst of Indian economic growth by stimulating domestic investment, increasing human capital formation and by facilitating the technology transfers. It is a pre-dominant and vital factor in influencing the process of economic development. FDI refers to capital inflows from abroad for investment in economy or to enhance the production capacity of the economy.Foreign investment can be divided into :-

(i)direct foreign  investments or long period investment 

(ii) in-direct foreign investments known as portfolio investments or Foreign Institutional Investments (FIIs), wherein overseas institutions invest in equities listed on a nation’s stock exchange.

Third Section- the FDI policy:- This section undertakes a review of India’s FDI policy framework. A foreign company planning to set up business operations in India may in- corporate a company under the Companies Act 1956, as a Joint Venture or a Wholly Owned Subsidiary. Foreign investment in India is governed by the FDI policy announced by Government of India and the provision of the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) 1999.

An Indian company can receive Foreign Direct Investment under the following two routes:-                (i) Automatic Route:-FDI is allowed under the automatic route without prior approval either of the Government or the Reserve Bank of India in all activities / sectors as specified in the consolidated FDI Policy, issued by the Government of India from time to time. The investors are only required to notify the concerned regional office of the RBI within 30 days of receipt of inward remittances and file the required documents with that office within 30 days.

ii.Government Route:-FDI requires prior approval of the Government, the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB), the Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (SIA) and the Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA).

 The Indian company having received FDI either under Automatic route or Government route is required to comply with provisions of the FDI policy including reporting of FDI to the Reserve Bank. .

The following table exhibits trend and fluctuations in FDI flows in India from April 2000 to December 2012 and provisional data for 2013 & 2014 in post-liberalised period on year-wise basis. During 2006-07, FDI inflow increased tremendously, as the growth rate is 146% during the period.

Year-wise data FDI (amount in US $ millions)

FDI Flows In to India

Sl .Nos

Years

Total

% GROWTH

FII Net

1

2000-01

4029

1847

2

2001-02

6130

(+)52%

1505

3

2002-03

5035

(-)18%

377

4

2003-04

4322

(-)14%

10918

5

2004-05

6051

(+)40%

8686

6

2005-06

8961

(+)48%

9926

7

2006-07

22826

(+)146%

3225

8

2007-08

34843

(+)53%

20328

9

2008-09

41873

(+)20%

(-)15017

10

2009-10

37745

(-)10%

29048

11

2010-11

34847

(-)08%

29422

12

2011-12

46556

(+.)34%

16812

13

2012-13(P)

36860

(-)21%

27583

14

2013-14(P)

11709

Source:- RBI_s Bulletin September, 2013 dt. 10.09.2013 (Table No. 34 – FOREIGN INVESTMENT INFLOWS).

The Relaxed FDI  Policy :-To attract more foreign investment, the Government  adopted relaxed FDI  policy. The Government of India has liberalised the FDI regime in various main sectors in 2012 & 2013.

(1)  FDI in Retail- the government opened up the retail sector slowly to Foreign Direct Investment. In 1997, FDI in Cash and Carry (wholesale) with 100% ownership was allowed under the Government approval route. It was brought under the automatic route in 2006. 51% investment in a single brand retail outlet was permitted in 2006. It led to direct entrance of companies like Nike, Reebok, Metro etc. or through joint ventures like Wal-mart with Bharti, Tata with Tesco etc.

The government led by Dr. Manmohan Singh, on Friday 14 sep. 2012 permitted FDI in multi-brand retail trading, with the following conditions, :- (a) FDI up to 51% in multi-brand sector. (b) 100% FDI for Single brand retailers such as Apple and Ikea, from previous cap of 51%. Opening up FDI in multi-brand retail means that global retailers including Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Tesco can open stores offering a range of household items and grocery directly to consumers in the same way as the local‘kirana’ stores do.

(2)  Department of Telecom (DoT) FDI limit has been approved to 100% from 74 % in DoT where 49 per cent of investment can be done through automatic route and FDI exceeding 49% will need prior approval of the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). It has been done to help the industry get fresh funds to lower financial burden.

 (3)Courier services- FDI has been raised from 74% to 100%.

 (4)Tea plantation & allied sectors (Agricultural Sector) – The foreign direct investment limit has been raised from 49% to 100% in it. FDI exceeding 49% will need prior approval of the FIPB in Tea plantation. 100% FDI is permitted in Floriculture, Horticulture, Development of Seeds, Animal-Husbandry, Pisciculture, Aquaculture, Cultivation of vegetables & mushrooms and services related to agro & allied sectors through automatic route.  FDI is not allowed in any other agricultural activity.

(5)Insurance sector- the FDI limit has been raised from 26% to 49% under the automatic route.

(6)Pension sector- 49%. FDI has been permitted in it.

(7) Railways:- Besides, proposing 100 per cent FDI through automatic route in the cash-starved railway sector, the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) has also proposed to de-license and de-reserve few areas of the sector. However, FDI will not be allowed in train-operations and safety. Foreign investment would also be allowed in sub-urban corridor, high speed train systems and dedicated freight line projects implemented in PPP mode.  Definition of ‘infrastructure’ has been widened by including railway line and railway sidings.

(8) Manufacturing sector- (i) Defence- FDI is fixed at 26% with prior approval of the FIPB, but govt has indicated that the Cabinet Committee on security has the discretion to approve FDI exceeding 26% (up to 49%) in cases which are likely to result in access to modern and “state of the art” technology, though no criteria to determine the term “state of the art” has been specified. (ii) Alcohal- 100% FDI through automatic route. (iii) Coffee, rubber processing & warehousing-100% in automatic route. (iv)Hazardous chemical-100% in automatic route. (v) Industrial Explosives-100% in automatic route.(vi) pharmaceuticals- 100% FDI is allowed in pharma and medicines through automatic route.On 27 Nov. 2013, the commerce and industry ministry and DIPP suggested lowering of the FDI cap to 49% keeping in mind the take-overs of domestic drug-making companies by multinational giants and consequently the price-hike in medicines. Despite the suggestion 100% FDI is permitted in the field. (vii) Power Exchange –100% FDI is allowed in Power  generation, transmission, distribution, power trading through Automatic route. FDI is not permitted for generation, transmission & distribution of electricity produced in atomic power plant / atomic energy, since private investment in this activity is prohibited and it is reserved for public sector. (viii)- Automobile Sector- the govt allows 100% FDI under the automatic route. It is a fully de-licensed   industry and free imports of automotive components are allowed.

(9)- Civil Aviation Sector –FDI has been permitted up to 49%, with prior Govt of India approval.

(10) Asset Reconstruction- The government raised the cap on FDI in asset reconstruction companies (ARC) to 74% from 49%, another measure to attract capital inflows so as to support the sagging rupee. Foreign direct investment exceeding 49% will need prior approval of the FIPB

(11)Banking (private) sector–  74% FDI in automatic route.

(12) Real estate sector- The real estate is one of the fastest growing sectors of Indian economy and contributes about 6.3% to the GDP. Indian real estate sector is the fourth largest sector in terms of FDI in the country. During April 2012-January 2013, the sector accounted for 8.8 per cent of total FDI inflows into India.

(13) Credit Information Services– The FDI limit has been raised from 49% to 74% under the automatic route, which will not only pave way for more foreign capital to such companies present in India but will also help foreign credit information companies set up shops in the country.

(14) Industry- (i) Mining (exploration & mining of precious stones)-100% FDI in automatic route. (ii) Coal lignite mining-100% in automatic route.

(15) Print Media-. The FDI limit in Print Media is raised to 49 per cent from 26 per cent.

Fourth Section:- deals with the effects of these changes on promoting inclusive growth in Indian economy. The XI plan aimed at achieving a new vision of growth-“Towards Faster and More Inclusive Growth”. At present Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17) is going on in Indian economy. It is aimed at one step further, ie, Faster, Sustainable & More Inclusive Growth.”

Sustainable rate of growth is that rate of growth which is capable of being   continued over a long period of time.  For making growth sustainable in India, we have to make growth inclusive by tackling the problems of poverty, inequality and unemployment. Inclusive growth includes each and every one under its umbrella, irrespective of caste, creed, religion in the economy. Sustainability of development must be assessed in terms of economic, social and employment benefits.

Relaxed FDI and Inclusive growth;-

 Retail trade:- India has opened the flood gates for foreign investors in retail sector. It covers 10% of all FDI projects. A simple glance at the employment level in retail exhibits vitality of this business.  Organized trade employs roughly 5 lakh people, whereas the unorganized retail trade employs nearly 3.95 crores.  Expansion of employment in the retail trade is due to-(i) economic expansion (ii) the ‘jobless growth’ in Indian economy. Retail outlets employ about 8% of the workforce in the country.According to the government, 10 million new jobs will be created through FDI because of job opportunities in areas like marketing, agro-processing, packaging, transportation, refrigeration etc.

•  The post of middlemen in India will be removed. Thus, farmers will get a good price for their crops and their exploitation will stop (which is going on for the last 150 years).
• Foreign companies will invest around $100 million in India. Therefore, infrastructure facilities, refrigeration technology, transportation, etc. will be renovated. That will reduce the inflationary pressure.
• According to the Indian Government’s conditions, foreign companies have to source a minimum of 30% of their goods from Indian micro and small industries. This will encourage domestic manufacturing by creating employment and upgrading the technology.
• Foreign companies will also create a supply-chain in the Indian market. So, the food, which is perished due to bad infrastructure facilities, will not be wasted.
• FDI in retail will benefit people in a big way, as they will get foreign items at cheaper prices. There will be no place for brokers in the market and quality can win over quantity.
•  Foreign retailers planning to enter the multi-brand segment would have to invest minimum of USD 100 million with 50 per cent of it in rural areas.
• Under the norms, 50 per cent of total investment will have to be invested in ‘backend infrastructure’ within three years of the induction of FDI.
• Consumers would certainly gain from enhanced competition, better quality, assured  weights  and cash memos.
• The government revenues will rise on account of larger business as well as recorded sales.

Infrastructure contributes 4% in FDI projects and 9% of the total jobs are created in India in this sector.

Technology sector of Indiahas grown rapidly in recent times. Around 10 million people are directly or indirectly employed in this sector at present. The major technology hubs are in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata which cater to IT-ITES and IT-BPO. Technology exports have increased from 4% to 25% over the last decade.  The top five technology providers of India are Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Cognizant, Wipro and HCL Technologies.

The financial service sector of India is in fifth place where FDI is concerned. India’s financial service industry has grown to 21% in 2012-13 and the value of projects has been increased by 75%.

 Telecom:- We are endowed with fast and cheap communication facility through Telecom. The telecommunication sector is growing at a very fast pace in India being the second highest FDI attracting sector. It includes radio paging, cellular mobile, basic telephone services. As per the DIPP the telecom sector has attracted FDI inflows of Rs 58,782 crore from April 2000 till May 2013, which comprises 8.53% of the total FDI inflows. The share of private sector in total telecom was 84.60% in 2010, as against a mere 5% in 1999, according to Department of Telecom.

Courier Services- Now we are free from postal delays and postal insecurity. Enhancement of employment is there. Courier services include carrying packages, parcels and other items which do not come within the ambit of the Indian Post Office Act, 1898.

Railways:-100 per cent FDI permitted in the railway sector through automatic route, is coming in a limited number of projects, like-elevated rail corridor, high speed rail networks, mass rapid transport systems, and dedicated freight line projects implemented in PPP mode. It will provide faster and cheaper transport services as well as general welfare for common masses. Simultaneously, foreign investment up to 74% in railway construction and maintenance projects will be helpful in employment- creation. Between 2000 and 2012, total FDI into the railways was Rs 1,354.65 crore according to the DIPP.

 Aviation services- FDI up to 49%, with prior GoI approval will prove a boon for the cash-starved air line services. Aviation services would save time as well as energy of the public aspiring to travel by air, vis-a-vis employment- enhancement will also take place in economy. Govt. hopes that the general aviation business would emerge as an important medium of regional connectivity and economic development,

The real estate sector in India is witnessing rapid growth in the residential, commercial and industrial segments. The sector is progressing due to several factors like- rapid urbanisation, a growing trend towards nuclear families, positive demographics, rural–urban migration, ever-developing infrastructure, higher income levels and housing demand. It is getting a good amount of FDI and is the second largest employment generation sector after agriculture. Real estate contributes about 6.3 per cent to India’s gross domestic product (GDP). The FDI in the sector was US$ 4 billion in 2012 as per DIPP.

The automobile industry is one of India’s major rapidly growing sectors, amounting for about 22% of the manufacturing sector’s GDP and contributing about 7% to the overall GDP of India in August 2013. The Indian auto industry is the sixth largest vehicle manufacturing in the world with an annual production of 17.5 million vehicles, of which 2.3 million are exported. 16% of all jobs are created within FDI deals in this sector. According to DIPP the auto sector accounts for 4% of total foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow into India. As per the DIPP the total FDI into the sector for the period April 2000 to May 2012 stood at USD 6,853 million.

In spite of the uncertain global economic climate, foreign investors anticipate India to be an attractive investment option. The top five sectors, prone to attract FDI for India are- infrastructure, Multi-brand retail, automotive, technology, financial services. Top 10 Sectors attracting highest FDI inflows during April 2000– December 2012 as per DIPP were: Services Sector (19 per cent), Construction development: Townships, housing, built-up infrastructure (12 per cent), Telecommunications (7 per cent), Computer Software & Hardware (6 per cent), Drugs & Pharmaceuticals (5 per cent),Chemicals (other than Fertilizers) (5 per cent), Power (4 per cent), Automobile Industry (4 per cent), Metallurgical Industries (4 per cent), Hotel & Tourism (3 per cent).

V Section:-  Suggestions and Conclusion

Employment generation and Poverty alleviation are essential conditions of inclusive growth. Let us think about probability of employment generation with the help of FDI in various sectors:-

Relaxed FDI in retail sector will create 10 million new jobs, while 40 million people are already in the field. 

As according to the Indian government’s condition, the retailers (both single and multi-brand) will have to source at least 30% of their goods from small and medium sized Indian suppliers, but what about the other 70%? Walmart and all these big giants import their majority goods from the cheapest source. Walmart is importing goods from China. If Walmart dumps goods from China, we can’t stop it for doing so. It will have negative repercussions on employment generation.

• Our government can build storages for refrigeration of food. It is not right to open our economy’s gates for foreign giants just because of this reason. If government is not capable of building a supply chain and infrastructure, we can open this field for Indian entrepreneurs.
• Wal-Mart will source its raw materials from abroad, and procure goods like vegetables and fruits directly from farmers at pre-determined prices & quantities. Once a monopoly situation is created, this may then turn into buying low and selling high. As Nick Robbins wrote in the context of East India Company, “By controlling both ends of the chain, the company could buy cheap and sell dear”.
• The new type on mediators like: Quality controllers, certification agency, standardizers  etc. have entered the market of US. It may happen in India also.
• Acceleration of growth propelled by service sector will not have multiplier effect on employment generation and production function, therefore, dream of inclusive growth cannot come true.
• Big players can knock-out the competition as they can afford to lower prices in initial stages, become monopoly and then raise prices later. Small retailers cannot stand in competition with Giant retailers and Supermarkets like- Walmart Carrefour, etc. so may suffer large loss.
• On the other hand, countries like China, Indonesia, and Thailand already have 100% FDI in retail. These countries have experienced tremendous growth in the agro- processing industry, refrigeration technology and infrastructure. The Govt of India should enact and implement laws to safeguard small retailers and common public. Pro. Gunnar Myrdal coined India as a “Soft State”, i.e. India is a state where the laws and rules made by the Govt. are not implemented properly.
•  Only production technique can increase GDP, not the selling technique.
• It is essential to look into the pros & cons of it from purely economic point of view. The acceptability of FDI in retail in India has been mostly political.

Infrastructure- Availability of good quality physical and social infrastructure is one of the key determinants of economic growth. The government of India has recognized the imperative need for the infrastructure sector and has taken several initiatives like sector specific policies, providing incentives and tax holidays to attract private investments. 100% FDI in infrastructure sector has been permitted.

Manufacturing sector contributes about 27.6% in the country’s GDP and employs about 17% work force. •Deloitte’s global index, 2013, for 38 nations, has ranked India at fourth most competitive manufacturing nation, behind China, the US and Germany. Labour intensive technology as well as planning to increase the manufacturing sector is needed. It can create more employment opportunities in economy. FDI will be helpful in increasing production and thereby control inflation.

Expected major role of private investment gives the element of uncertainty, unpredictability. The same thing applies to FDI.

Conclusion:- At last, we can say that private investment, both Indian and FDI in various sectors, is essential to multiply the Govt’s efforts to elevate millions out of poverty and promote inclusive growth.FDI can contribute to the GDP, can control inflation through productive investment and can add to Foreign Exchange Reserves of the country by bringing foreign currency in the form of capital in order to save the sagging Indian rupee. But FDI cannot promote inclusive growth. FDI in selected sectors, like-infrastructure (railways, ports, airports, roads, high-ways, electricity, telecommunications, petroleum and natural gas, and a regulator for the coal sector), manufacturing sector is the need of hour. In order to bring inclusive growth, FDI be used selectively. Aam aadmi be not forgotten in the name of Reforms.Proper type of Economic Model be decided so as to include the excluded ones in development process and to develop the economy sustainably with social justice and eradication of poverty. Ultimately, the impact of FDI on inclusive growth will depend upon political & institutional factors, policy of the political party in power and the degree of control and regulations exercised over FDI.

Bibliography-

• DIPP  (April 2000-Feb 2012) Annual Report.
• Devajit M. (2012) Impact of FDI on Indian Economy. Research Journal of Mgt. Science
• India’s Economic Policy preparing for 21st century-Bimal Jalan .
• FDI Policy in Multi-Brand Retail ” Ministry of Commerce, GOI.28 Nov. 2011.
• Trade News 18 March 2013.
• News Papers-  The Hindu 2 Feb. 2013. The Hindu 17 July 2013.  FDI in Retail: What it entails ?  
  • Business Standard 12 Feb. 2013
  • The Economic Times -14 Sep. 2012.
  • Hindustan Times- 14 Sep 2012.
  • The Indian Express- 14 Sep. 2012.
  • Press Trust of India-14 Sep. 2012.
  • “Aam Baniya is more powerful than Aam Aadmi” Times of India 4 Dec. 2011.
  • Times of India- 28 Sep 2012 and 13 Dec 2012.
  • Hindustan Times-01 January 2013.
  • Business Standard Sunday 13 Jan. 2013.
• XI Five Year Plan approach Paper  (2006)  and  XII Five Year Plan in India (2012-17) : Instruments and Approach. 7 Feb. 2012.  
•  Economic Survey :2008-09, 2010-11. 2011-12., 2012-13.
• The Bird of Gold – The Rise of India’s Consumer Market”. McKinsey and Company. May 2007..
•  Anand Dikshit (August 12, 2011). “The Uneasy Compromise – Indian Retail”. The Wall Street Journal
• FDI_Circular_02/2010, DIPP
• Notification No. FEMA 20/2000-RB dated May 3, 2000
• Foreign Direct Investment in India: Regulatory Framework, Issues and Current Status  International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 Volume 2, No. 8, August 2013.
• Sojin  Shin  FDI in India, Ideas, Interests and Institutional Changes ,  january 18, 2014 vol xlix 66 no 3 Economic & Political Weekly.
• Jeeevan Prakash Mohanti, Kamal Sharma, Mohan Guruswami, & Thomas(12 Feb 2005) FDI in India’s Retail Sector vol. XL No. 07

Economic & Political Weekly. 

•  EAS Sarma (12 Npv. 2005) Need for Caution in Retail FDI. Vol.XL No. 46 Economic & Political Weekly.
• Abhirup Sarkar  (Jan  05 2013) Understanding  FDI in Retail What can economic principles teach us ?Vol. No. XLVIII  No. 1. Economic & Political Weekly.

[ad_2]

Source by DrShakun Palharya

[ad_1]

If you own a Massey Ferguson tractor, there is a convenient online source to order Massey Ferguson tractor parts. A tractor supply store website is a good source because it has a nationwide network of buyers and dealers or private sellers that might have the Massey Ferguson parts you need. Because you can set your search parameters to search by brand name, it only takes a few minutes a week to find what you are looking for.

Massey Ferguson tractor parts can be found online at the manufacturer’s website sometimes, but it can take longer than ordering from a tractor supply store website, where the price can be much cheaper. The reason for this is that many of the dealers or private sellers are anxious to move their products quickly so they offer better pricing and are more anxious to take care of your request quickly.

With secure online payment methods and shipping guarantees, many people enjoy the convenience of using a tractor supply store website to buy their Massey Ferguson tractor parts and other accessories or farm equipment. You can find a wide array of products that are used by the farming industry or those that need tractors and their accessories. Even people with large acreage yards may have a need for Massey Ferguson parts, even though they just use them to mow.

Whatever your need, a tractor supply store website is the best place to look and chances are that whatever you are looking for will be listed there. No matter what kind of tractor you have, you will be able to find new and used tractors of all brands for sale and the parts, accessories and other equipment you might need.

Massey Ferguson has been around for more than four decades and they also make hay balers, combines and other implements. Many people that have a Massey Ferguson tractor will find the need for replacement parts at some point. Even golf courses use Massey Fergusons, so you can find a source for used tractors or Massey Ferguson tractor parts from some surprising sources.

You never know when a private seller is going to run across some spare parts in their shop for a Massey Ferguson they no longer have and you will find a great deal on them. Sometimes, dealers may have going out of business sales and they will advertise them on the tractor supply store websites just to reach a wide audience of buyers in a quick amount of time. If you are looking for Massey Ferguson tractor parts, chances are you will find exactly what you need on these websites.

The next time you find a need for a discount source for Massey Ferguson parts, remember to search the tractor supply store website first. They might just have what you are looking for at a much lower price than you will find any place else, whether online or in a retail dealer location.

[ad_2]

Source by Fred R

[ad_1]

Using a larger down payment on a car purchase can lead to substantially more profit for the car dealership.

Sure there are benefits to buying a car and using a large down payment, but if you skip this car buying advice, then all those benefits belong to the dealership and you’ll be left paying for this mistake month after month for years to come…Here’s an example:

There you are sitting at the car salesmans desk negotiating your new car deal. The salesman is busy promoting the idea of using a larger car down payment in order to:

*lower your monthly payment
*prevent less negative equity
*pay less in finance charges
*finance for a shorter term, etc.

All of this is true, but their real motivation is to make more money.

The additional gross profit a dealership makes by getting a larger down payment from you all comes down to how lenders lend.

Let’s say a car dealership has a vehicle for sale for $15,000 and that vehicle has a wholesale value of $10,000. A typical auto lender, for average credit, is going to lend up to 115% of the wholesale value of the vehicle.

So in this example the lender would be willing to loan $11,500 against the value of the vehicle (I will leave taxes and other fees out of this to simplify this example) , and the dealer would have to get a $3,500 down payment from you in order to keep the “deal in-line.”

If you had a $0 down payment, the only way the car dealership could get the loan approved would be to lower the sale price to $11,500. I think we all know that the dealership doesn’t want to do that, because it’s an instant loss of $3500 in gross profit.

This is why car salesman are so aggressive when it comes to your down payment on a car purchase, because they get paid off the gross profit.

That being said, there are situations where large money down is necessary. If, for instance, you have a lot of negative equity, you’ll need to pony up some money to get the “deal in-line” with the lenders guidelines. You’d also need money down if you have major credit problems. The lender will typically want to see a minimum commitment from you, of 10%, or in some cases a flat $1500.

So the next time your sitting with a car salesman and they’re explaining the benefits of additional down payment, it’s probably only benefitting them and the dealership. I’d suggest getting off the down payment issue and work on the dealership lowering the sales price by $3500. Once the sales price is acceptable to you, then you can talk money down.

There are lots of other tips and tricks you can use to save money when buying a vehicle, but this one is by far the least talked about; although, it’s one of the easiest for customers, that don’t like to negotiate, to use to realize immediate savings.

All that being said, I do believe in giving a down payment on a car equivalent to, or greater than, your tax, title and license fees. This is to avoid paying additional finance charges on those fees. I’d negotiate with the zero down approach out the gate, and work on getting that sales price down.

[ad_1]

But for those of you who have no notion what a Bobber chopper is (or even what a Bobber is), then examine along, and I’ll do my ideal to demonstrate.

In the shortest and easiest of terms, a Bobber is a type of custom made motorcycle that has had its fenders eliminated. At minimum that is what was initially meant by the term. As soldiers returned to America from the battlefields of Europe, numerous brought house with them the European way of racing motorcycles and vehicles. Cars in Europe ended up, in general, scaled-down, lighter and hence sportier-sensation as compared to their American counterparts.The exact same concept applied to motorcycles from the European continent.

As the previous soldiers commenced to experience and race American motorcycle brands like Harley-Davidson and Indian, they longed for the lightweight, very good handling characteristics of the European bikes. In purchase to consider to cut the excess weight down on the heavy American bikes, they taken out every little thing that wasn’t necessary for operation. This provided getting rid of the fenders, which gave the bikes a “bobbed” visual appeal, therefore the identify “Bobber.” Probably the most significant difference in between choppers and Bobbers is that Bobbers usually absence fenders. Fenders are optional on choppers.

Bobbers had been all over even just before there ended up choppers. Choppers, which genuinely are really modified or “chopped” Bobber motorcycles, seriously became well-known in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s as Dennis Hopper, Peter Fonda and Jack Nicholson served make them common in videos of that era. The choppers were literally “chopped” to make them as smooth and light-weight as achievable. That is why choppers look and feel like an engine and a site to sit, since almost everything else has been eliminated, chopped off or downsized to absolute minimal dimensions.

These days, it can be quite simple to create your unique Bobber chopper. Numerous businesses provide kits to do just this. Customized frames and other elements can be mated up with widespread engines, warm and wild paint work and other stock running gear for a definitely special Bobber chopper.

Bobbers developed from a box have all the crucial elements which you could involve for making your customized bicycle that you can be proud of. There are different types of kits offered, but the bobber has develop into a popular alternative for both equally newcomers and seasoned fans. It has a stripped down – bare bones theme, when nonetheless delivering the effective and carefree think.

The bikes have been on street for the past five decades, seeing that the conclusion to Universe War II. Many American guys, who have been in military services and had put in their time in the Europe, liked the motorcycle variations there. In the course of those times, US bikes have been weighty whereas bikes in Europe were easy, minimalist and light. Back from war, these men commenced bicycle clubs in the US. To obtain that ‘light’ physical appearance, these war veterans chipped off some area of the bike’s rear fender and a lot of taken out the fenders on the front. The version which arrived out sooner or later grew to become popular as a bobber.

A incredibly common variant of bobber is well-known as Extra fat Bastard. The fender-less bike fueled experimentation with the wheels of unique measurements and led to the emergence of Weight Bastards.

[ad_2]

Source by Emerson Macdonald

[ad_1]

Used Japanese cars have attributes that new Japanese cars (or cars from any country actually) may not have. For example, the design of used Japanese cars are radically different from new cars nowadays – but different and new does not automatically mean better. There are Japanese used cars which actually look very much better than some of these new designs of Japanese cars that are coming out. If you are a collector of Japanese used cars, you might be blessed with having a collection that feature a host of designs that the new generation of car owners may never have seen or even heard of.

Old does not mean bad, which is why there are vintage car owners even up to now. Such people adhere to the credo “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder” so they make it a point to collect vintage used Japanese cars which seem beautiful and attractive to them. What makes one set of Japanese used cars vintage while another set of used Japanese cars simply old and second-hand? Actually, nothing in particular except the taste of the collector. Even damaged Japanese used cars may be valuable to such collectors if they are able to buy them, preserve or refurbish them, and then put them up for re-sale or simply display to an admiring public. If you wait long enough, any Japanese used car for sale will eventually qualify as vintage anyway, which is why some people hang on to their old used Japanese cars for a lifetime, and even let their children inherit these eventually.

Another reason to buy used Japanese cars is because refurbishing old used Japanese cars may run in your blood. It is a fact that some people are able to pass on their love for antiques and vintage used Japanese cars to their children, nephews and nieces, and perhaps even grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Like we said, the value of such used Japanese cars would depend on the preferences of the people who own them. One person’s junk is another man’s gold, so to speak. So if you do own used Japanese cars, hang on to them as long as you can, until you can find out what makes them valuable to you or other people.

Like first-edition books signed by their authors, Japanese used cars which have an interesting history will probably command a higher price than Japanese used cars which were owned by ordinary folk. For example, if your Japanese used cars were owned by someone important, like a political figure in your country perhaps, then you are really lucky to own it yourself. At some point, someone somewhere will discover that you own such a conversation piece. If you get even luckier, maybe that person will make you a financial offer that will make your eyes widen in surprise and which you just cannot refuse.

If you are well-connected among owners of Japanese used cars, you may find it easier to find parts for your beloved used Japanese cars. Those who have enough engineering and automotive skills may find it relaxing to while away their leisure time changing parts and polishing up the interiors. The value then of the used Japanese cars would be in the amount of tender loving care you showered on your vehicles, rather than any future potential financial value they have.

[ad_2]

Source by Sadayoshi Miyakuni

[ad_1]

The world is worried about depleting fuel reserves. Research is on the fast track to find alternative fuel. People need transportation which means increased consumption of fuel. With economy booming in many nations more and more people are buying cars.

In 2007 the US car buyer is making fuel efficacy a prime concern when buying a car. Cars are ranked as fuel efficient based on the Environmental Protection Agencies (EPA) miles per gallon ratings. The basis is 55 % of city mpg rating and 45% of highway mpg rating. Cars are now available in gas, electric, and hybrid versions apart from petrol or diesel run cars.

Here is a look at fuel efficient cars as listed by http://www.edmunds.com/reviews/list/top10/119083/article.html :

1. Toyota Prius: ratio of 60/51 mpg. The hybrid version is the most fuel efficient vehicle in the US market.
2. Honda civic Hybrid 49/51 mpg. This is a perrineal favorite.
3. Toyota Camry Hybrid 40/38mpg.
4. Toyota Yaris 34/40 mpg. Gives pleasant handling.
5. Honda Fit 33/38 mpg .
6. Toyota Corolla 32/41mpg. Is one of the most fuel efficient.
7. Mini Cooper 32/40 mpg.
8. Hyundai Acccent /Kia Rio 32/35mpg . This is a great buy in economy range of cars.
9. Honda Civic 30/40 mpg.
10. Nissan Versa 30/36 mpg. It’s the best in its category.

Another top ten list that is dependable is at http://cars.about.com/od/helpforcarbuyers/tp/top10_fuel.htm where he has considered fuel efficiency along with comfort and driving pleasure. According to Aaron Gold, the cars to consider overall are:

1. Toyota Prius 60/51 mpg.
2. Honda Civic Hybrid 46/51mpg.
3. Volkswagen Golf 38/46 mpg.
4. Mini Cooper 28/37 mpg.
5. Hyundai Elantra 27/34 mpg.
6. Ford Focus Station Wagon 26/34 mpg.
7. Honda Accord 26/34 mpg.
8. Nissan Altima 24/31 mpg.
9. Chevrolet Malibu MAXX 22/30 mpg.
10. Buick Le Sabre 20/29mpg.

When buying a car you need to consider several aspects:

• Cost.
• Maintenance.
• Environmental friendliness.
• Durability.
• Personal preferences.
• Availability of parts and cost of parts.
• Insurance costs.
• Road tax.

While expert advice is important you must think about where you stay, where the nearest dealer is located, and whether the car can adapt to the weather conditions in your region. Never buy a car blindly always find out how suitable the car is for you and your family. Think resale too!

Use the expert advice available on online auto retail websites to find out all the information you need about cars. Always comparison shop for a car and car loan, get the best deal possible and enjoy many miles of pleasant tension free driving.

[ad_2]

Source by Arthur Raise