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2012 Bug-Out Truck Super Survival Modifications

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In a recent article I recommended that you get either a Chevy or Toyota Landcruiser as your Bug-out truck for evacuation to your safe house in the days before December 21, 2012. But  the following modifications will make it a much more capable companion in the rough:

  • Electric winch
  • Skid plates
  • Suspension lift kit
  • Off-road tires
  • Full diff-locks
  • Secure storage locker
  • Extra spot lights
  • Hand held floodlight and spotlight
  • Air-intake snorkel
  • Air compressor
  • Extra fuel tanks
  • CB radio
  • Backup heavy duty battery
  • Aluminium roof platform with a ladder up

    • A complete set a hand-tools and sockets
    • Factory and Haynes service manuals
    • Hack saw
    • Rags
    • WD-40
    • Wire brush
    • Fire extinguisher
    • Waterproof heavy duty flashlights
    • Grease gun
    • Regular coveralls, insulated coveralls, cold weather gear
    • Propane torch, solder and flux
    • Engine oil
    • Transmission oil
    • Antifreeze mix
    • Brake fluid
    • Steering fluid
    • Spare heater, fuel, radiator, and vacuum hoses
    • Electrical wire in a selection of gauges
    • Selection of electrical connectors and cable-ties
    • Electrical tape, duct tape
    • Ignition leads
    • Hand-type wood saw, axe, compact and full size shovel
    • Spare fuel pump, water pump, and thermostat
    • Complete set of belts
    • Oil filter
    • Fuel filters
    • Spare rear drive shaft
    • Spare front driveshaft
    • Short side drive axle
    • Differential cover for front axle
    • Gaskets for both differential covers
    • Full-time hub gears and covers for front axles
    • Spare spark plugs, cap and rotor on spare distributor
    • Spare spindle for front axle, complete with bearings and seals
    • Spare bulbs (stop, turn, and interior)
    • Spare universal joints
    • High lift jack
    • Air hose for compressor
    • Impact wrench for lug nuts
    • Air chuck for filling tires
    • Spare tires
    • Tire levers
    • Tire repair kit
    • Factory jack and crank rod
    • Portable trolley jack
    • Winch attachments (land anchor, tree saver)
    • Shovels and spades
    • Large heavy-duty tarpaulins
    • Camoflage nets
    • Binoculars
    • Backup First Aid Kit
    • Heavy duty ratchet tie-down straps
    • Tow rope
    • General purpose rope
  • You also need to modify yourself a little too before you can confidently head off into the wilderness.

    Off-road driving.

    Taking your vehicle into the wilderness requires a different set of skills to burning down the highway. They aren’t difficult to master, but you do need instruction on how to wade through rivers and mud holes, safely negotiate steep climbs and descents, traverse steep slopes and use your winch effectively. The good news it’s hell of a lot of fun learning all this stuff. In fact for hundreds of thousands of people it’s their favourite weekend sport.

    Bush Mechanic skills.

    In 2012 you will be your own mechanic – so you need to be able to perform basic field maintenance on your vehicle including knowing how to replace vulnerable parts like drive shafts, hoses and electrical parts. Haynes workshop manuals are great, but experience working on your vehicle now will make you a much more competent and confident survival mechanic. I also wouldn’t hurt to go to night classes too. You’ll learn how to use tools properly and how the bits and pieces of an engine and drive train all go together.

    Your mobile workshop.

    You’ll also need to carry a hefty list of spares about your Bug-out vehicle. With these on board you’ll be prepared to overcome most of the likely mechanical problems – short of blown motors and transmissions. There is a lot there, but if you want to be confident of getting to where you’re heading you can’t afford to skimp on spares and tools.

    With this fully stocked mobile workshop and the modifications you’ve made to your vehicle and to your driving and mechanical skills you’ll be practically unstoppable when it comes time to evacuate your family before 21 December 2012.

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Source by Mike Kerrigan

How to get perfect Buying of Truck Campers for sale?

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There are so many things to buy in the world. People just believe that “you throw money and get the product bought!!” But, this can never be the case. Buying is an art and it needs to get developed by knowledge and experience!! There are some of the ways of buying any products, even the Truck Haulers:

Learn the product, like the product and ultimately have the product. Let’s understand this procedure of buying with the live example of Truck Campus!!

Learn the Truck Campers:

Before buying the Truck Campers, it is necessary to learn about them or to know about them!! Truck Campers are the temporary living or luggage keeping articles that are used as attachment to any of the pick up vehicles. They are the relax providers to the people who are not able to afford the luxurious vehicles with larger space like the RVs and also the heavier and precious space providers.

These campers are quite simple in designs as they are straight away fat designed and the bank is plane with the most promising space. There is sleeping space in the regular bank space but these beds are generally hanged over to provide vacant space in the banks. Sole aim of these campers is to save places for the loading and staying purposes. These living area is generally consists of some of the homely feeling equipments like sink, two gas burners, microwave and also the televisions!!

These Truck Campers are also the compact ones and they provide the cheapest prices for the campers and also their banks are quite spacious. There are some of the trucks campers available for sale that is attached with the luxurious and richest facilities like air condition and heaters and so many more comforts!!

Like the Truck Campers:

After learning the utilities and types of Truck Campers the very next step is to like them by matching the offerings of campers to your requirements. If the requirements of yours are quite heavily getting satisfied with the use of Truck Campers, it is bound to like you!!

If you are the person who is travelling more and also having a bigger families, Truck Campers can help you lot by providing extra space to the trucks or RVs. They are also useful in the purpose of earning the luxurious facilities as many of truck campers are packed jam wit these luxurious facilities. So, there are full chances of liking the Truck Campers.

Have the Truck Campers:

The last stage of any of the buying is to buy the product that is being liked by you and your choice. These Truck Campers are available at lower cost and higher verities online on various websites but one of the most professionalised directories and also the better services are being offered by our website www.rvsjunction.com this website is splendidly handled by some of the technically stronger persons specialising in this department of automobile.

On this website, you will cherish the free registration offer along with some astonishing features of finance and loan dealers also. There are some of the most reputed dealers of the home countries available to make sale of Truck Campers for sale and they are truly dedicated to the job of serving the Truck Campers to the people.

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Source by Alessandra Mcguire

Buy Used Trucks From The Owners And Save Plenty Of Money Online

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The used trucks are the hit and hot spots of the trucking world and millions of searches online are received daily world wide by the online trucking sites. Many of the benefits and advantages are attached to the used trucks for sale industries. Huge amount of money is being saved by the people by buying and selecting these used trucks instead of new trucks for sale. These used trucks are offered in two different styles.

* Used truck sales by dealers

This is the most traditional and common style of buying used trucks. The popular used truck dealers are searched from the area or even while having online buying, the dealers are being clicked and these dealers offer various models and types of used trucks that are bought by the used truck online buyers with greater enthusiasm. These dealers are offering the used trucks that are either owned by him or are selling on behalf of the owners. Many of promotional activities and contacts are being developed by these dealers.

* Used trucks for sale by owners

Used trucks for sale are also sold by the owners directly these days. In these types of used cat selling, the owner directly appears in the picture and trade with the prospective buyers with straighter approach. There are many of the features and functions attached with these kinds of sales that are as follows.

* Direct dialing

Nothing in the world can be greater than the facilities of dialing directly with the owners. The used truck owners are the best and perfect judge of the vehicles that are offered to the buyers. They are having better grip and control over the history, recode, title and many more of the parts of the vehicles which are never known by the dealers precisely. Thus, dealing directly with the owners can boost the faith, confidence and reliability of the buyers. These are the main requirements of any of the dealings and they are quite aggressively offered in the dealings with the owners directly.

* Cheaper Prices

The dealing with used trucks for sale by owner provides best offers of offering lower prices of trucks. These dealers need not have to make expenses of promotions and any of other establishments. Also the expenses that are adding to the prices of used trucks are not occurring to these owners. The owners are not having any deals with dealers therefore they can save huge amounts of commission and charges of dealers. These benefits are shared with the buyers and therefore the buyers can have cheapest deals of used truck buying. The used truck buying from the owners directly is quite dynamically beneficial and it can save money for the future and can make the buyer free to use the saved money for other required purposes.

* Transparent dealing

The trucks for sale by owners are offering transparent dealing to the buyers as nothing is unrevealed in front of the buyers. The title of the trucks, the repairing details, the history details and many of the details of offered used trucks are revealed by the owners in the perfect manner by the owners. These transparent dealing of deals are exclusively derived in the deals with used trucks for sale by owners.

These are the prime benefits that are attached with the buying of used trucks for sale by owners. Get them and save plenty of money in the deals for your future.

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Source by JerryD

Chevrolet Silverado – The Best Buy in Pickup trucks for sale

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The 2010 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 is an incredible pickup trucks for sale. The versions of these models are amazing which is available in 4 – door cab in which 6 persons can easily accodomate, it has 5.8 foot bed. The Chevy Silverado pickup trucks are available in 6.0 – liter with V 8 engine, along with effective electric motor which delivers 332 HP. It has ability to run on both the power sources, which actually depend on driving demands and no plug charging is required. The automatic system attached to it is amazing, which appeals most of the buyers. It can haul up the load capacity of 6,100 pounds.

The other features include in Silverado is rear wheel and four wheel drives. On a low range, the set up of dry pavement is been done. The Silverado 1500 is available with two luxurious models, one is ” luxury inspired ” and other is ” Pure pickup “. The safety measures included in the 2010 Chevy’s Silverado used pickup trucks are traction control, Front – side airbags, ABS, anti – lock brakes, rear view camera, power adjustable pedals , detector, sunroof, and navigation system which helps searching new roads across the country. The Fuel economy, instruments / controls and quietness are some of the amazing features included in the Chevy’s Silverado pickup trucks for sale and lacks steering and handling.

The prices for the 2010 Chevrolet Silverado differ according the different models available in the series. Following are the prices fro different models ;

  • 2 WD Crew cab Short Box 1 HY is available at $ 38,340

  • 2 WD Crew Cab Short Box 2 HY is available at $ 44,670

  • 4 WD Crew Cab Short Box 1 HY is available at $ 41,490

  • 4 WD Crew Cab Short Box 2 HY is available at $ 47,820

The Following are the Standard equipment that are available in the 2010 Chevrolet Silverado small pickup trucks for sale :

  • Power Train : Traction control, continuously variable Automatic Transmission (CVT), Electric drive Motor, 6.0 Liter V 8 engine and Locking rear differential.

  • Safety : Front side airbags, curtain side airbags, dual front bags, anti – lock wheel disc brakes, daytime running lights and Tire – pressure.

  • Comfort Features : Cloth upholstery, Power windows, Power door locks, Air conditioning w/dual-zone automatic climate controls, Cruise control, Remote keyless entry, Automatic headlights, Intermittent wipers, Heated power mirrors, Satellite radio,Tachometer,OnStar assistance system w/one year service, Front split bench seat, driver-seat lumbar adjustment, Front-hinged rear doors, etc.

  • Special Purpose, Wheels and Tires : 4WD adds: 4-wheel drive, Auto Trac 2-speed transfer case, Full-size spare tire, Tow hooksP265/65R18 tires, Trailer hitch platform, 7-wire harness, Chrome alloy wheels.

  • Miscellaneous : Soft tonneau Cover, Chrome bumpers, theft- deterrent system and rear privacy glass.

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Source by Austin Taylor

Trucks & Trailers Maintenance Check List Tips

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Used Trucks & Trailers Maintenance Tips

There are some of the most important things that should be taken care and also are the most important check list that can make the trucks more efficient and longer living. Here we have offered tips for many of the points that should be considered by any of the truck owner in order to make the trucks functioning well and to give longer lasting utilities to the owner. Here are some of the tips to keep your best trucks in good conditions.

1. Tires Air Pressure
2. Fuel Check
3. Wipers Check
4. Coolant Check
5. High Beam and Low Beam Head Light Check
6. Turn & Brake signal Lights
7. Horn Check
8. Mileage
9. Last Oil Changed Date
10. Last Oil Filter Changed Date
11. Last Air Filter Changed Date
12. Last Engine Tune Up
13. Fuel Hoses Leak checkup
14. Engine Oil
15. Brake Oil
16. Power Steering

17. Fire extinguisher
18. Emergency Call

* Tires Air Pressure

It is quite necessary to check the tire pressure every time before going for any of the long trip. The insufficient or even the higher tire pressure can create big problems or any of the hazardous situations for the trucks. It is always better to check the tire pressure before starting the journey and to check tires air pressure at quite regular interval.

* Fuel Check

Fuel check is one of the most important checks in the trucks. Not only the trucks get stopped without fuel but also the truck engine gets deteriorated with lower quantities of fuel in it. Also the better fuel quality and sufficient quantities are important. The lubricant that can boost the fuel capacity also should be used as and when required. The fuel check is therefore one of the most important check in truck using.

* Wipers Check

The wipers are not only necessary in rainy seasons but are the regular using needs as they are used even when the glass gets dirty or gets full of dust or any of the particles. So, wipers check is quite necessary for the drives.

* Coolant Check

The coolant check assures the coolant level as the level of coolant is consistently lower; there is definitely a leakage in the coolant which needs to get repaired with the mechanic immediately. Also the fluid and required lubricants should be filled with regular care to keep the Coolant level intact and balanced.

*Head Light Check

The headlights are the eyes of the trucks and they must be given appropriate care and concern regularly. The high beam and low beams are required at any given point of time. If any of them is not working, it may create tension in driving. So, it is quite better to check the lower and higher beam of the headlights.

* Turn & Brake signal lights

Along with headlights the turn and signal lights also should be given proper attention and care as on the highways they play major roles. These signals are required to make the other drivers aware of the status of the vehicle to avoid the accidents or confusions.

* Horn Check

Horn check is one of the basic necessities of the vehicle checking as on the roads, the horns can play vital roles. They are key factors even when the speeds are to generate or to make the traffic cleared. The horns can save many of the lives so it is better to save the horns by the checking them regularly.

* Mileage

The mileage check is also necessary to make sure the average offered by the trucks as there are many of the hurdles that can be checked the average goes down suddenly. But to make sure the routine average of the trucks, the mileage checking is must.

* Last oil changed date

The oils are having their fixed duration to affect the truck performances and after certain interval, they need to get added in the fuels. These dates should be noted quite well to avoid the engines to get dried. Also the late oil filling can lower down the mileage as well. So, in order to fill up the oils at the right and required dates, note the oil changing dates of trucks.

* Last Air Filter Changed date

The air filter changing can make the engine cool and chilled with performance and prepared to function nicely in the future. These air filters need to get changed after fixed time period and to remember that time slot, it is quite necessary to write down the dates of air filter changing.

* Last engine tune up

Engines are the hearts of the trucks and therefore it is quite necessary to have routine tuning up of the engines. The engines can affect most to the mileage, performance and the durability of trucks. This engine tuning up is quite important and therefore the date of last tuning up is quite important for the truck owner. These dates must be noted at some important places that can remind the owner to tune up the truck engines.

* Fuel Hoses Leak checkup
The Fuel Hoses Leak check up is vital checking tool as even the smallest leakage can make the fuel wastes in larger quantity over a period of time. There are many of the cases where the fuel leakage cause huge loss as even the engine has to get repaired after continuous leakage which cost quite higher. So, the importance of this check up is also quite higher.

* Engine Oil

The engine oil improves the efficiency of the trucks and also are the most reliable and enhanced source of oil production. There are many of the cases where the engine oil has saved lots of money of the truck owners and therefore the routine check up is quite important for the engine oil.

* Brake Oil

Brake Oil is one of the intense intensity of the trucks. Brakes need to get smoother and furnished all the time to avoid any of the problems of accidents. The insufficient brakes can create big loss for the owners and drivers. So, it is quite necessary to get better oil attached to the brakes and to make the brakes more capable and powerful.

* Power Steering

The Power Steering facility is one of the blessings to the drivers as they can have the relaxed and comfortable driving with the help of this automatic driving tool. The steering of the trucks becomes quite smoother and easier with the help of this power steering. This is the facility that can make the driver more dynamic in driving and can save the trucks from many of the accidents and losses.

* Fire extinguisher

Fire Extinguisher is the must need of any of the trucks. There are many of the goods and loads loaded in trucks. There are many of the chances of catching fire to the trucks in case of inflammable products. It is quite important to have the fire extinguisher in the trucks to avoid any of such problems. It is also important to check the availability and effectiveness of Fire Extinguish at every regular interval.

* Emergency Call

The trucks should be loaded with the Emergency Call services as trucks are used for longer deliveries and also are used for making the long distanced deliveries. To solve the unseen and sudden problems and to get help at those times, it is recommended to have the service of Emergency call in the trucks. Also these services should be verified regularly.

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Source by arul kumar

Look For The Best Small Pickup Trucks For Sale Taking In To Account Your Own Terms And Conditions

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Simple yet effective small pickup trucks for sale :-

Avail these small pickup trucks and make transportation luxurious. These trucks are very simple but give great outlook. Cargo area of the truck is left open from the top and this differentiates it from normal cab. However the terrain may be, with the use of these trucks you can get through any king of rough areas or patchy lands. Framework is flexible making it easy to load and pull heavy objects and place it in the cargo area. Though the size of these trucks is small but they sound very effective in terms of usage as well as in terms of money. In the automotive world you have many manufacturers bringing up different models of the pickup truck. You can select the one depending on your utility of the truck.

Financially feasible :-

If you search for proper company providing high quality product at reasonable price these trucks are quite feasible. You can even owe a used truck in order to curtail expenses. But before purchasing Used Pickup Trucks see to it that it is in good condition. In this decade, small pickup trucks for sale are gaining high importance due to its effective work. If you select appropriate truck then it can be a good investment as its usage value is quiet high. With the help of these trucks, you can anywhere round the region transport goods as they are rough and tough. Whether you are in a desert or in a snow fall area, these small pickup trucks for sale can run anywhere with less efforts. Good quality of small pickup truck can also give maximum comfortness to drivers.

Highly profitable :-

These small pickup trucks for sale require lower investment, but this is possible only when you purchase it from the correct supplier. Higher usage value and lower investment has made this truck highly profitable. It is one time investment, so make it wisely otherwise you may end up spending more. Various features like safety, reasonable, consistent, versatility, and many more makes it unique and apt for transportation.

So if you are in to transport business and looking for such effective trucks then there is no use of waiting and making too late, these Small Pickup Trucks for sale can be of great use.

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Source by Austin Taylor

Used 4×4 Pickup trucks are the most economical deals for getting pickup in business

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Commercial trucks have changed the entire dimension of the lives and people have started living a leisure and luxurious life with the help of rich transportation facilities and also are getting the speedier and wider availabilities of industrial goods and products. These facilities are offered and served by many of the types of trucks and among these best catering types, the 4×4 Pickup trucks for sale is the fastest mode.

The definition and manufacturers

Pickup trucks are the trucks that are available in the simplest forms of Motor trucks and also are having open top rear cargo area which is separated from the cab and allows the chassis flex while pulling and loads of heavier articles. These trucks are having smaller sizes and also are making the trucks for sale business smarter and better. There are numerous models and types of these Pickup trucks and many of the reputed names of automotive sector are involved in the production of these carriers of utility. The reputed names that are connected with the industries are Ford, Mazda, Isuzu, Nissan, Toyota, Honda and Volkswagen. These truck manufacturers have produced many of the trucking models with greater efficiencies and engineering.

The economic importance

These trucks are having greater economic importance and also are becoming the most sensational trucking models of these decades. They are having faster speeds and therefore they can transport the goods at better speeds. Also they are having better strength and engines that can drive the trucks quite frequently. These features are the best earning sources for the truck transporters and are having wider features of making the operators richer and wealthier. These Pickup trucks are offered at quite lower rates in the used forms and they can prove as big blessings for the business persons.

The most economic deals

These used trucks are considered as the best economic deals as the buyers have to invest quite lower and in turn they can get the supreme benefits by using these vehicles. If we compare the same investment with other truck buying, we can calculate that the return that has been offered by the Pickup trucks are massive compare to any of the other vehicles as the frequencies and capacities of hauling and transporting cargo and goods of these trucks is amazing. Also these vehicles are quite aggressive and dynamic in getting transportation facilities to interior and difficult regions of the world. They are having the best drive abilities on mountains, rivers and also can perform the functions of mud trucks. These vehicles are the best supporters in getting driven in the snow falls and any of the other natural calamities. Thus, these vehicles are having the best performance attitude and these approaches of the vehicles are the most advantageous for the transporters and owners.

The supreme facilities

So, these are the benefits that are offered by the Pickup trucks and if you are interested in increasing your profits by investing lower, buy the Used 4×4 Pickup trucks and have the most economical buying opportunities of your business. They are truly the most advantageous ones.

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Source by robcook

Pickup trucks are the most powerful and strongest trucks of all

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Many of the trucks are available in the trucking industries. Each and every truck is having their own styling and passion but among the most powerful and strength full trucks list, the Pickup trucks are the trucks which are lading every type of trucks. There are some of the reasons which can prove the supremacy of the Pickup tucks over other types of trucks.

* Pickup trucks are having stronger metallic Body

The exterior of the Pickup trucks are quite stronger as the outer body is made of special metal which is tested many of the times before fixing. The Pickup trucks are having the highest possible front and side impact safety ratings compare to all the other trucking models. Almost all the Pickup trucks are created after fixing the five star crash test rating checking. This feature makes the truck safest and also the exterior body further stronger which reduces the chances of accidental death tolls.

There are the boxed frames which are making the trucks exterior safer and secured. These are the measures and factors which are making the trucks quite stronger and tougher.

* Pickup trucks are having the efficient truck engines

The engines which are called the hearts of trucks or any of the vehicles are quite efficient and energetic in the Pickup trucks for sale. They are specially created to handle the light, medium and heavy load adjustability. Any of the engines can be counted powerful by checking two of the components and if these two components are sufficiently perfect, the trucks can never have any problem even in the longer run. The factors are the torque to pull the trucks initially and the horsepowers to carry the given load of the trucks in the long run.

Many of the Pickup trucks are having 6 speed transmissions in both the manual and automatic sense which makes the engines magical. Also the cargo capacities of these trucks are quite impressive which creates further utilities.

Pickup trucks are having that specific and special power to make the best arrangements of trucking powers. Also the Payload of these trucks is significant alongwith terrific towing capacities. These trucks are representing the most featured and finest trucking passion and are therefore called the strongest types of tucks.

Thus, Pickup trucks are truly called the most powerful and strongest trucks of the entire trucking industries.

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Source by Emily Dave

Cataract Treatment without Surgery

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Treating cataracts without surgery is not impossible now. Treat cataracts naturally by ayurvedic eye drops.

Cataracts are defined as a clouding of the lens of the eye, which stops light from passing easily through the lens, thus blurring vision. Most cases of cataracts are usually associated with aging or caused by complications from other disorders, such as diabetes. Cataracts can form over many years, or they can develop and progress rapidly. The symptoms of cataracts include cloudy, foggy, or fuzzy vision; changes in the way one sees colors; problems with night vision while driving; too much glare from the sun or lamps; double vision; frequent changes in eyeglass prescription; and better near vision which can occur only temporarily for farsighted people.

Hope for Incurable Eye Diseases

The magical ayurvedic eye drop patented by the government of India is dissolving immature cataracts and saving people from expensive cataract surgery. The new research of Dr.M.S.Basu has revealed a wonderful alternative to cataract surgery. There are now easy-to-use eye drops that can dissolve cataracts naturally. These drops are 100% Herbal proved to be 100% safe as well.

This ayurvedic eye drops can effectively reduce or eliminate cataracts without surgery, saving time and money. Surgery is often expensive for cataract. Isotine as a herbal eye solution can also help in eyesight improve without costly surgery.

Based on Ayurvedic herbs and Bhasmas. After many clinical trials, it has since been registered and patented by Govt.of India. During the past 25 years, thousands of patients suffering from immature Cataract & other Cataract Treatment without Surgery

Ekta Nagar Bareilly (U.P) India. The above said medicine has also G.M.P, ISO 9001:2000 Certified & W.T.O Patent .we export license. Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council.

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Source by chris george

Reproductive Health Management in Ruminants With Special Reference to New Technologies

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Abstract
Reproductive health management in Ruminants is a buzz word called Total Quality Management (TQM). Goals to achieve reproductive efficiency means 12-13 months calving interval, low repeat breeding and early rebreeding after parturition. Less than 2% abortion & less than 10% retained placenta and metritis in in herds may ensure less that 18% culling rates.
In a developed country like USA reproductive efficiency has decreased. A total conception of 51% in 1955 has reduced to 38%. Does it speak we have to make use of modern technologies of ETT (Embryo transfer technology). The old conventional sleeve, rectal palpation, CL evaluation, reproductive disease diagnostic, has to be replaced with ultrasonography, laparoscopy, DNA guided diagnostic and improved fertility assessment technologies. Various modern technological impact on improving reproductive management have been discussed.
Uterine diagnostics for reducing (COD) Cystic ovarian disease, anoestrus, reproductive losses and infertility needs emphasis. The reproductive techniques consist of cryo-preservation, sperm sexing, spermatogenesis, invitrofertilization, nuclear transfers and introduction of disease resistance and animal welfare too. The reproductive difficulties in artificially produced calves, and stress to their mothers are averse to animal welfare. Various methods and their effects have been reviewed.
A new role of foeto maternal effects of hybridization of breeds has come to surface. Various such events have been expressed. New reproductive concepts such as Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule, Endothelial, nitric oxide synthase and its effects on reproductive ability have been explained. New knowledge models, like development of ovine concepts, foeto maternal interaction, extra cellular hormone action, cytokines, relay signals and their conversion to monomeric and dimeric forms have been postulated.
Hypothalmic astrocyle concept model with its biological control system has been detailed. Major technological innovations by the author in last 2 decades have been shown as pictorial monographs. A new concept of Dairy economic Vission 2050 for India has been forecasted.
A global policy prospect of Livestock industry for India has been attempted to glow Livestock marketing competition. A possible mega role for small farmers enterprise with mixed farming modules is presented. New generated technology transfer, research needs and gaps have been identified for young researchers.
Introduction:
1. Total Quality Management
(TQM) is the current buzzword in the production of quality food animal products for human consumption. The TQM concept implies that appropriate attention is given to all facets of dairy herds management in an effort to satisfy the consumer and their needs. Maintaining good records and using computer driven technology is recommended. Goals that are realistic and made possible by adopting a reproductive health programme are:
i. Average calving interval between 12 to 13 months.
ii. Breeding efficiency below 1.5 services per conception and less than 30 percent returns after 60 days.
iii. Postpartum interval to first standing heat between 30 to 40 days.
iv. Postpartum interval to first breeding no greater than 55 to 70 days.
v. Repeat breeders of 8 to 10 percent or less,
vi. Abnormal anestrus after 60 days postpartum reduced to 2 to 15 percent.
vii. Abortions of 1 to 2 percent or less.
viii. Retained placentas of 5 to 10 percent or less.
ix. Metritis of 5 to 10 percent or less
x. Culling percentage for reproductive failure below 18 percent.
2. Reproductive Efficiency
The famous reproductive scientist and clinician Zemjanis, compared the reproductive efficiency attained in U.S.A during 1955 with that of herds maintained in 1985. The first service conception had decreased from 53.4% to 38.7 in 1985 and the corresponding figures for total conception rate were reduced from 50.7% to 37.7%. The percentage of open cows at P.D. examination increased from 22 to 27. Repeat breeding was around 15% calving interval was 13.2 – 13.4 months. The prenatal deaths increased from 3.4 to 9%. Thus decline of reproductive efficiency in 1985 or 2007 over past 3-4 decades was observed. Is it that technologies of 1955 are not able to deliver efficient reproduction in 2007 ?. During the period a huge new set of technologies came into existence. Is that we need to incorporate new technology refinement in herd management especially reproductive ability ?. Should we go beyond traditional rectal palpation or sleeves and visits to new monitoring and evaluation through ultrasonic or other new technology?. A variety of application of new technologies are needed for heat detection. CL evaluation, reproductive disease diagnosis, semen evaluation, pregnancy diagnosis, infertility and other reproductive losses. This is where we need “Reproductive health Management through new techniques”. (Zem janis, 1987)
3. Uterine Diagnostics
The Uterine Condition can be disgnosed by Rectal palpation, vaginal speculum examination, uterine swab culture, uterine biopsy, ultrasonic imaging of uterus and ovaries, and progesterone testing. Abnormal postpartum cows are identified based on uterine horn size and texture in addition to vulvar discharge. Cows identified as abnormal are treated, with intrauterine infusion of antibiotics, antiseptics, chemical irritants, prostaglandin injection, or a combination of these agents. Most cows (>80%) should ovulate by 30 days postcalving. Cystic ovarian disease (COD) may occur in 5 to 10% of cows postpartum and delay first ovulation and first breeding. Anestrous cows will have small inactive ovaries with little change over sequential examinations. Follicles <15 mm in diameter may be found on examination, but fail to ovulate. Diagnosis of pregnancy at 35 days has enhanced value compared to 45 days or later. Pregnancy exam at 35 days reduces days between breeding and the percentage of cows over 48 days between breeding. (Ferguson, 1995)
4. Reproductive Biotechniques:
Based on the progress in scientific knowledge of endocrinology, reproductive physio- biology and embryology during the last fifty years, new bio-techniques have been developed and introduced into animal breeding and husbandry. Among them are oestrussynchronisation / ovulation induction, artificial insemination, multiple ovulation induction, embryo transfer (MOET), in vitro embryo production (IVP) and cloning by nuclear transfer. The aims of these reproductive technologies were initially to speed up the genetic improvements of farm animals by the increase of offspring of selected males and females, and the reduction of the generation intervals. The techniques of cloning by nuclear transfer applied for experimental purposes, have the prospect of more practical implementation in near future. The uniformity of herds for an early management or for the multiplication of transgenic animals after gene-targeting shall be its outcome. Within the farm animal biotechnologies, animal welfare should receive special attention. Transfer of embryos into dairy cows may lead to more dystocia. Intrauterine insemination via laparoscopy or laparotomy with minimal anaesthesia by breeder organizations operates stress in animals.
Both multiple ovulation induction and embryo transfer are generally accepted technically. However the transfer of embryos after multiple ovulation increase in embryonic death, larger calves with longer gestation times, and more dystocia (van wagtendo et al 2000). Some of the biotechnologies used in modern animal reproduction management can be summarized and named as :
5. Reproductive Techniques:
Reproductive techniques have been reviewed, wani, 2004 and are briefly reproduced as :
i. Ist Generation Reproductive Technologies:
a. Artificial insemination technology
b. Cryo-preservation Techniques.
c. Sperm sexing
d. Opportune time insemination
e. Spermatogenesis.
ii. 2nd Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET).
b. Embryo Development Blocks.
c. Embryo Flushing & evaluation.
d. Embryo preservation and culture.
iii. 3rd Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Invitro fertilization (IVF)
b. Clonning Techniques.
iv. Future Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Stem cell technology
b. Embryonic cell lines.
c. Pro-nuclear microinjections
d. Nuclear Transfers
e. Viral Mediated Transgenesis
v. Reproduction Biotechnology application
a. New animal products.
b. Profitable production traits.
c. Disease resistance
d. Animal welfare and protection.
Successful somatic cloned animal production has been reported in various domesticated species, including cattle; however it is associated with a high rate of pregnancy failure. The low cloning yield could possibly arise from either an abnormal and / or poorly developed placenta. In comparison to control cows, fewer placentomes were found in somatic cell nuclearrecipient (NT) cows at day 60 of gestation, suggesting a retardation of fetal /placental growth in these animals. NT cows not only had fewer numbers of chorionic villi but also had poorly developed caruncles. Macroscopic examination revealed a typical development of the placentomes in terms of shape and size. Histological disruption of chorionic villi and caruncular septum was found in NT cows. Of particular interest was that the expression of genes, as well as proteins in the placentome, was disparate between NT and artificially inseminated cows, especially placental lactogen (PL) and pregnancy associated glycoprotein (PAG). In contrast, prolactin-related protein (PRP-I) signals were comparable across cows, including NT cows carrying immotile fetuses. The expression of extracellular matrix degrading molecule, heparanase (HPA) in NT cows was divergent from that of control cows. Microarray data suggest that gene expression was disorientated in early stages of implantation in NT cows, but this was eliminated with progression of gestation. These findings strongly support a delay in trophoblast development during early stages of placentation in NT cows, and suggest that placental specific proteins, including PLs, PAGs, and HPA are key indicators for the aberration of gestation and placental function in cows. (Kruip and Van Re, 2008)
There is a large body of evidence demonstrating that, in comparison with in vivo programme controls, the size and weight of IVP calves is higher (30% over 50 kg), the gestation period is longer, the % dystocia and the incidence of caesarean sections is much high. The % abortions and perinatal death are also higher (Behboodi et al, 1995; Kruip and Den Daas 1995; Wagtendon-de Leeuw et al. 1998; 2000). In general the calves are less active (Reinders et al. 1995). In addition the % of hydroallantois and congenital malformation including abnormal limbs and spinal cords, is increased in IVP calves and lambs. Taking together these problems are defined as the large offspring syndrome (LOS) (Young 1998). (Farin & Farin; 1995) and Sinclair et al. (1997) found a differential growth of organs (liver, heart , kidneys and adrenal gland) after IVP. Postnatally too some IVP calves anomalies were observed. (deRoos et al.2000)
MOET, including synchronization and induction of oestrus and AI, as well as IVP,NT are sometimes with serious consequences. We suggest (potential) risks of biotechnologies for farm animal welfare should be systematically assessed. The type of research should be multidisciplinary and should make use of appropriate scientifically valid experimental designs and protocols. Results obtained accordingly in developing and using the safest biotechnological methods and procedures. Technological progress which is ethically justified and beneficial for society in general the scientific and agricultural community i,e made use of for increased productivity.
6. New Concepts
Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule:
Many years scientists in reproductive research talked of endothelium-derived relaxing Factor (EDRF). This was thought to be a signaling molecule. The discovery that EDRF was in fact nitric oxide (NO). Over 60,000 papers have been published in last 10 years on NO. Nobel prize of 1998 was on this discovery. Nitric oxide is responsible for neurotransmission, immune defence, cell death, (apoptosis) and cell motility. It has a half life of few seconds. Enzyme producing it are (NOS) nitric oxide synthases (Phil, 2007).
Nitric Oxide being a small molecule, diffuses rapidly across cell membrane. Its diffusion distances can be several hundred microns and its biological effects are mediated through a range of targets as haem groups, cysteine residues, iron or zinc clusters.
Nitric oxide (NO) is now recognized as an important intracellular and inter cellular messenger. It relaxes uterine tissues, by inhibiting uterine contractility. Thus, by reducing uterine movement it helps in uterine quiescence. This is habitual of progesterones and antignostic to PGF2 alpha. NO has also a role in ovulation by interplaying ovarian steriodogenesis and prostaglandins.
Progesterone synthesis is reported to have increased in NO dose dependent rats (Yuan et al, 1999) Nitric oxide decreases oestradiol secretion in rats. It is established that NO plays a role in endothelium dependent vascular relaxation, phagocytic cell cytotoxicity, cenbtral nervous system neurotransmission and uterine relaxation (Moha et al, 2001). Granulosa cells and luteal cells in the rat ovary synthesize nitric oxide. Preovulatory follicles in their theca and stromal cell layers have enzyme synthesis. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOSIII) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS II) are among these enzymes.
Nitric Oxide is a fast acting signal which has the capacity to block entrance of blood components into follicular fluid. New concept of NOS system operating in ovulation and follicular rupture is now postulated. NOS acts via vascular dilation and ovulatory leukocyte distribution. The reorganization of follicular rupture and formation of corpora lutea requires nitric oxide. Thus, NO is having a role in ovarian physiology and steriodogenesis.
A neuropathway may be evinced in future. There is evidence of hypothalmic NOS – containing neurons, that regulate LH. Moreover, NOS containing (NERVE) fibers have also been found in rats. Does NO act as a local modulator of steriodogenesis? as many of its actions are mediated by Iron-containing enzymes, like guanylate cyclase and cyclo oxygene. The upregulation of progesterone and down regulation of oestradiol production in ovaries is now ascribed to NOS – system. NO may act by binding to the iron-sulphur moiety of the enzymes involved in the process of steriodiogenesis and effecting their production. (Yuan et al, 1999; Motta et al. 2001).
7. New Knowledge models
a. Development of Ovine conceptus
? Protective covering on caruncles
? Protective mucin covering.
? 18th day transitory attachment.
? 39th day cotyledons appear.
? 40th day projections from elongated Blastocysts into caruncular Epithelia.
? 42th day syncytial formation.
? 48th day attachment fixed as placentomes.
? Non-invasive attachment.
? Invasive attachment post 40th day.
? 80th Day of Gestation – placentomes, – structured appearance of recognizable individual cotyledons & caruncles disappear.
? Intra caruncular and caruncular cotyledonary attachment is supported by evidence from:
• Histological change
• Progesterone / Estrogen receptors
• Biochemical & Morphological evidences.
(Khatoon, 2007 – M.V.Sc thesis)
b. Foeto maternal interaction Transitory attachment
Binucleate cells (Gestation day) 18
Proliferation of Endometrial cells
E2/P4 receptors
Growth factors.
Progesterone receptors increase with gestation progress.
? Estrogen E2 receptors almost constant during pregnancy.
? Increased E/P ratio.
? Fluctuations in mineral, glucose, enzyme and proteins.
? Vaginal, cervical and uterine epithelial changes observed as pregnancy progressed.
C. Extracellular hormones actions (Concept by Canadian Scientists)
Growth factor or Cytokines …… Transcription of genes through specific receptor ….. Intracellular signaling molecules (Groner, 2002).
Conversion Monomeric to Dimeric form
Modus: Tyrosine phosphorylation
D. Hypothalmic astrocytes Employ ….. Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) Directly to regulate GnRH ….. controls … Sexual maturation … & …. Adult reproduction functions
This is what we name now as: Astrocyte – GnRH – Neuron signaling Pathway
Techniques used : Situ hybridization immunohistochemistry … … Motion communication processes.
Bouret et al, 2004 France
E. Biological Control
Multiple signals …. Receptivity or un-receptivity (Ringo et al, 1996 – U.S.A) Hypothalmo –pituitary – gonodotrophic – axis …. Mid gestation develops in sheep – late gestation … GnRH neuron centers develop in pregnancy or during foetal life … Only Maturational changes occur at Puberty – so as to form a GnRH neuronal system.
F. Hypothalmo – pictuitory – somatorophic axis begin in fetal life
Midgestation …. But Growth hormone R.H neuronal system does not develop until 10 weeks after birth. (Polkowska, 1995) Poland

8. “Major Technological Advances by author in last 10 years”
i. An attempt using ovaries and sperms from slaughtered sheep for invitro -fertilization and invitro-maturation techniques were used to produce morula. fig.1. These techniques innovated and published have aroused world wide recognitions, as awards. This work has been cited by Histcite-Index Lan wilmut founder of Dolly, the Sheep. (wani & wani,2000, 2003). In this era of biosafety and international Zoo and phyto sanitation, an attempt was made to limit bacterial and microbial loads in semen. Invitro bacterial sensitivity and bacterial load of semen was reported, (Seh et al 2000) (Koul 2002) which stimulated a new era of biosafety of gametes and higher fertility rates in cattle.
ii. The hitherto untapped research area of pre-natal development of ovine foetus was attempted (Mufti et al 2000, Wani and Buchoo, 1990). The investigation aroused much interest and citations. Very few studies on this area are available in world. This study is of great value for human and animal health. It has been further investigated during last few years. For the first time in world we have presented the mammalian foeto maternal union in its true form. This is an indirect association. A new concept of foetal growth, differentiation, foetal cotyledons within the elongated blastocysts has aroused the hope for preparation of a Invitro-Foetal –Development Model. (Wani,et al, 2006a, 2006b). These new concepts were presented in International conferences on Genomic and Proteomic concepts. The models were highly appreciated for use in various drug – gene – disease control interactions. (Wani et al,2006c; d;e). The binuclear and hybrid nuclear cells have been identified to specify syncytia & related mechanisms of foeto-maternal attachments. Fig.2. These concepts shall revolutionize disease resistance, control and prevention.
iii. We tried fish ovarian extract ( waste material) to replace costly synthetic hormones. This is ready for patatening. Laparoscopy for ovarian prediction along with ultrasonic use for pregnancy diagnosis in Sheep & goats was innovated and perfected . (Wani et al, 1998; Mufti et al, 1998).The use of hcG for improving lambing rates (Wani et al 2000) and use of laparoscopy for ovulation detection are new replications of our earlier investigations (Buchoo et al 2000).World famous Elsevier / Academic Press invited me to write a paper for Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences Vol II PP 1259-1270. The only Asian to be invited to contribute on Goat Management Systems is in itself significant achievement summed up by the world famous Prof. John R.Campbell, the president Emeritus of Oklahama State University as “World renowned disciplinary expert, Wise and excellent author”. Our work on Economics of Pashmina goats and their Genetic characterization has been applauded by world famous Scientists and has helped Pashmina Industry in Ladakh to produce fine pashmina.
iv. Our recent prenatal and research on foeto maternal interactions is one of its unique in the world. Various gynaecological land marks, placental and immunological barriers, caruncle, cotyledon development and their association is of unique nature and can be reviewed in Fig 1-10.
9. Dairy Economics:
Dairy Farming in particular and Livestock enterprises in General suffer from two problems:
1. Higher production and maintenance cost
2. Low market prices of livestock products
Global milk pricing varies with Dairy Farm Structures. Dairy Farm Structures are either small 2-5 animal farms as ours or large more than 50 or 100. The countries like USA, EU, Canada, Isreal, Hungry, USA, South America and Oceania have large farm structures. Except Oceania none produce milk at world market price of 15-22 dollar a quintal. Thereby, signifying large farm structures are not always economical. Our small holding size of dairy structure is more competitive than West. This advantage needs to be harvested under WTO-Liberalization Global System. Should this need strengthening of small farmer’s co-operative? Do we needs implementation of small farmer friendly policies. The sale of 1 litre of milk in India is less than a litre of water. This needs serious consideration by our planning commission.
a. Higher Production Costs
The costs of milk production are high in Scandinavian Countries and Spain. The yesterday giants are todays loosers. The highest production price is also in counties like Hungary, Czech Republic, Isreal, Bangladesh, Thailand and parts of China. Their cost of production is more than global average cost of production viz 15-22 dollars/quintal. Those who produce at world market prices of 15-22 dollars include Estonia, Poland, Chile, Brazil, India, Vietnam and Oceania. Thus, we have tough competition with these nations to gain export markets. The Switzerland, Norway and Canada produce milk at much higher price than EU and USA, their markets in middle east are our export pastures.
b. Lower Milk Prices
The low milk prices than world market averages are in Argentina and Pakistan. However, they have distribution advantage rather than production axis, as farmers demorcating forums are non-existant. As such they may not pose any competition with us. We have export advantage in Asia as our other neighbour China too produces milk at higher costs. We must prepare ourselves as “Future milk Exporters in Asia”. This needs a preparation for zoo-sanitation and export oriented shift in policy decision.
c. North-West-Export-Zone
The northern-west states have self sufficiency in milk. We have to make this North-West-Zone comprising of J&K, H.P., Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat as our potential milk export-zone. We will have to induce mission modes for its animal disease-free-status, so that we meet international-zoo-Sanitary standards. Poor zoo-sanitation is our major block to exports of milk. Outreach to farmers on these lines is suggested.
10. Global meat industry:
The next thrust area under transfer of technology has to make India “major meat exporting” country. The global meat industry is slowly moving in the hands of Brasallians and Chinese farmers. Thanks to our vegetarian majority diets we too are on run. Against, daily needs of 25g/person/day we produce only half of it on per capita basis, but our advantage with goat meat abundance can differentiate our export potential from the rest. Even global super powers USA have more demand for Cheron than what is produced. A policy change and frame work has to be drafted. Our product technology packaging and consumer preferences have to be webbed through transfer of technology to export concerns in particular and in general to home users. The focus has to be centered around hygienic meat production, ecological preservation, processing and product technology. This in principle means “reshaping livestock range and forage management” through effective communication and transfer of technology across its terminal and potential users and beneficiaries.
11. Generated Technology Transfer
We have to lead in Embryo transfer technology in Asia as has been done by us in dissemination of AI technology, in collaboration with Swedish expertise. Many international experiences are needed in this and other Transfer of Technology missions. We need bio-technological links to be developed with industry and user departments. Licensing in service mode is desired in technology transfer. We can do it on Cornell University pattern. Strengthening pre-clinical, clinical and basic diagnostic skills to glow animal science Institutes as a word referral clinical centers. This would need emphasis on technician training facilities for physiology, Reproduction, AI, Biochemistry neurosciences, biology and like. Linking, research and extension, faculty, students and farmers under KVK pattern are needed for quick animal science technology transfer. The referral TOT in animal sciences is ready to be switched on in the following area in next few years.
? Rapid diagnostic tools and techniques
? Tannin degradation technology and low- cost feed packaging
? High security disease prevalence checks. May be its sharing of emerging disease pattern with public health experts give us better dividends.
? Biotechniques for germplasm propagation and improvements.
12. In short we need Emphasis on
? Global-food- system-chain-factors(GFSCF)
? Research on competitive comparative health and disease (CCDH)
? Internationalize Veterinary and animal science education.
? Out reach for global farming through TOT.(Transfer of Technology)
13. Future Research Needs or Gaps
• Avoiding emerging diseases threats
• Refined disease diagnostics
• Drug – disease – targeting.
International Zoo-Sanitation regulations and product safety measures to fit us in Global – food – chain – operative systems.

14. Future Research Targets
i. Targeted gene delivery.
ii. Neuroregulatory mechanisms.
iii. Innate immune system.
iv. Protein interactions – transcriptional conformational mechanism.
v. Gene – drug – designing. Molecule targeting under Genome.
vi. Natural receptivity associated proteins for immune protection imaging and mapping.

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Source by G.M. Wani

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